Caring For Elderly

 Q. You are Sonal/Sumit. You feel blessed to have grandparents living with you. You feel that they are the pillars of the house and a store house of love, affection and wisdom. In return they only need a sense of regard and tolerance from us. Write an article for your school magazine on 'Caring for the Elderly'. Refer to the unit 'Tolerance' of My English Reader. Include your own ideas too.

A.              CARING FOR THE ELDERLY

                                                              By: Sumit

Elderly care is the fulfilment of the special needs and requirements that are important for the senior citizens. They need love, care and concern(relation) at this phase of life. But, now a days this has become a myth(creation of mind) that they are a burden for the family and society too. Old group people only expect respect, privacy and good assistance from their family. Because of them only, we are able to live in the society. They have raised us and now being as grandparents, they are making our childrens familiar to the surroundings and rituals. They gives us courage and motivation to face hardships of life. 

   In most of the country family is regarded as the main institution of elderly care. As they were beside us when we were in need so we must not left them alone because without family support the elderly may fall into depression or can be the victim(पीड़ित व्यक्ति, one who suffers)  of any severe disease. So, with our loving and caring attitude we can make them feel that they are no longer unwanted. They need family support and patience which create positive and optimistic environment for the elders. We must care for them as they are knowledgeable part of the society and also plays an important role in balancing the economy of the country. (221 words)

SHORT ARTICLE 

Elderly care is the fulfilment of the special needs and requirements that are important for the senior citizens. The elderly people lead a love and care to age with dignity. But today the people take the elderly people as a burden for the family and the society. It is the duty of the family to take care of their old and elderly people. They are the people who have raised their children and have made them able to live in the society. They give them courage and motivation to face hardships of life. So, when they grow old, it is our responsibility to stand beside them. We should give them our love, care and time as they had given us when we were in need. They should not be left alone. With our loving and caring attitude we can make them feel that they are no longer unwanted.(149 words)

Q. Your school is organising 'Senior Citizen Day' to make people aware about the importance and contribution of the elderly people to society and Nation. Write a speech to be delivered in your morning assembly showing your concern on the issue of care of our elders.

Unseen passage 4: The Eagle And The Baby Bird (BBC Compacta class 6th Module 5 worksheet 17)

 Q. Read the passage carefully:

   THE EAGLE AND THE BABY BIRD

(1) In a big shady tree lived a mamma and papa bird with their small little bird. Everyday they would feed and take care of the baby bird till it grew up to go on its first flight.

(2) "Today we will teach you how to fly. Then you can go and see the world,"papa bird said. "But wait till we get some food for all of us,"said mama bird softly.

(3) The baby bird sat in the nest waiting in excitement for its first flight. Suddenly a shadow fell on him. He looked up and saw a huge bird staring at him.

(4) "Who are you?" asked the baby bird. "I am an eagle,"said the big bird in a gruff voice.

(5) "Oh, hello eagle uncle. My papa and mamma are not home. They have gone to get some food for us and after that they are going to teach me how to fly," said the baby bird excitedly. "You please wait. They will be returning any moment now."

(6) "I have not come to meet them. I have come to eat you because I am hungry," said the eagle.

"Why do you want to eat me. I am no food. You wait, eagle uncle and share the food my papa and mama will bring,"said the baby bird.

Eagles have always eaten other smaller birds and so I am not going to eat you also. So, don't talk too much and let me eat you in peace."

(7) "Okay, eagle uncle, I won't stop you but first let me kiss you to forgive you the way my mama does to forgive my moschiefs." So saying the baby bird kissed the eagle near the left eye.

"That felt nice. Do it on the other side too,"said the eagle.

The baby bird obliged.

(8) "Hey, this is nice. I never knew you could also love another being. Come here baby bird and let me thank you for showing me the meaning of love,"said the eagle hugging the baby bird.

(9) Very soon, the papa and mama bird returned home to find a guest for lunch!

The Tribune

(I) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, complete the following statements as briefly as possible. Write the answers in the space provided.

(a) The shady tree was home to ...........

(b) One day the baby bird was alone as ...........

(c) .......... made the baby bird feel very excited.

(d) The visitor with gruff voice wanted ...........

(e) Two qualities of baby bird as revealed in the story are: (i)......... (ii) .............

(f) The eagle felt a little irritated because ......... .

(g) The baby bird wanted to kiss the uncle because ...............

(h) The uncle wanted the baby bird to kiss him a second time as ...............

(II) Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following from the paragraphs indicated. Write the answers in the space provided.

(a) looking fixedly (paragraph 2-3)

(b) deep and rough (paragraph 4-5)

                         ANSWERS

(I) 

(a) mama bird, papa bird and their small little bird. (para 1)

(b) her parent's (mama bird and papa bird) has gone to get some food for all of them. (para 2)

(c) its first flight (para 3)

(d) to eat baby bird (para 6)

(e) i) sharing (para 6) 

     ii) loving (para 7)

(f) baby bird was talking too much and don't let her to eat yourself in peace. (para 6)

(g) baby bird forgave eagle the way her mama does to forgive her mischiefs. (para 7)

(h) It felt her nice (para 7)

(II)

(a) staring 

(b) gruff

Tolerance - The Need of the hour.

 Q. We hear in the news about growing intolerance among children and youth, which is causing great trouble and discomfort in modern times. There are cases of bullying in schools and colleges, frequent fights and rising tempers. Understanding the importance of tolerance, prepare a speech to be delivered in the morning assembly on the topic "Tolerance- The need of the hour" in about 120-150 words.

A.        TOLERANCE - NEED OF THE HOUR

Respected Principal, My worthy teachers and dear friends. Today I stand before you to express my views on the topic 'Tolerance- The need of the hour'.

Man is a social animal and has to live in a spirit of harmony and cooperation with others. In this process some amount of give and take is necessary. Tolerance is a virtue of civilized age which helps us to makes with those people who have different ways and views. Without tolerance, broad mindedness energy will be wasted. Since people of different backgrounds, religions interact with each other, so they depend on each other. The level of tolerance should be increased so that harmony is created. Racism, castism are the results of intolerance. A greater amount of tolerance will bring a lot of peace and harmony into this world. Today Gandhi ji is not present but his high principles of non-violence and tolerance still exists. We should follow the principle of 'live and let live'.

Thank you! 

Q. Tolerance is a virtue of civilized age. There is an immediate need to educate our students on the importance of maintaining the secular fabric of our nation. Write a speech to be presented in the morning assembly on the topic 'Tolerance-Need of the hour' in about 150-200 words. 

Unseen Passage 3: Robert Falcon Scott and his men (bbc compacta class 6th Module 1 worksheet-1).

Q. Read the following passage carefully:

(1) In 1912 the British explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott and his men were caught in a snowstorm and died while returning to their base camp after reaching the South Pole. Their tent, buried under snow, was discovered the following year by Sir Ernest Shackleton. Scott was found holding in his dead hand an unfurnished letter addressed to his author~friend, James Barrie. After describing the fierce snowstrom and the approaching death, Scott wrote that he and his colleagues were spending the time singing songs and pleasant conversation. Below these lines he had written in bold letters one word- COURAGE. When he returned to England, Shackleton handed over the letter to Sir James Barrie, who read it and kept it in a box.

(2) A few years later, Sir james developed some defect in his right hand because of which he could not hold a pen. The author lost all hope of ever being able to write again. One day, in a pensive mood, he took out Scott's letter and read it again. It lifted his spirits, and set him thinking. If scott and his men could remain cheerful in the face of certain death, could he not learn to face adversity bravely? He picked up his pen and began practising writing with his left hand. In a few weeks he could write perfectly well with it.

                        Questions

 (I) On the basis of reading of above passage, complete the sentences as briefly as possible. Write the answers in space provided.

(a) Robert Falcon Scott and his men were killed when..............

(b) Sir Ernest Shackleton discovered ...........

(c) Just before his death, scott ..............

(d) The atmosphere in the scott's tent just before  the snowstorm was one of ............ and .............. .

(e) James felt sad and hopeless because ........ .

(f) The lesson Scott's letter taught James was ............. .

(g) "...and set him thinking" (para 2). What thought came to Sir James's mind? 

(II) Find words from the passage which mean the opposite of the following from the lines indicated.

(a) gentle (Paragraph 1)

(b) happy (Paragraph 2)

                       Answers

(I)

(a)  they were returning to their base camp after reaching the south pole. (para 1 line 1)

(b) captain Robert Falcon Scott and his men's tent buried under snow. (para 1 line 2)

(c) found an unfurnished letter addressed to his author friend, james Barrie. (para 1 line 3)

(d) pleasant and joyful. (para 1 singing songs  and pleasant conversation)

(e) he was not able to write again. (para 2 line 2)

(f) To face adversity bravely. (para 2 line 5)

(g) Thought came to Sir james mind was that if scott and his men could remain cheerful in the face of certain death, could he too not learn to face adversity bravely. (para 2 line7)

(II)

(a) fierce

(b) pensive

Success comes to those who will and dare.

 Q.  You are Madhu/Madhav, a student of class VIII. You feel really inspired after reading about great talented people like Adam Ezra, Cohen, etc. You realize that 'Success comes to those who will and Dare'. Taking hints from the unit 'Enterprise', along with your own ideas, write a speech to be deliver by you on the same topic in about 150 words. [SA1 2016-17 Class VIII DAV BOARD]

A.     SUCCESS COMES TO THOSE WHO WILL AND DARE

Respected Principal, My worthy teachers and dear friends. Today I stand before you to express my views on the topic 'Success comes to those who will and Dare'.

All want to be successful in their life. Success is a journey and not a destination. Success means to achieve the goal of our life. It is rightly said that,"Hard work is the key to success". Nothing can be gained without hard work. To get success in life, one has to takes risks. We have to face all the challenges of our life very boldly; we should learn from our failures. We should have a positive attitude towards our life. Only then we can achieve our goal. History shows that all the freedom fighters, leaders had worked  very hard to achieve their aim. So, we can say that nothing can be achieved if we do not dare and will. To reach the ladder of success, we should have a strong willpower, determination and dareness.

Thankyou! 

Q. Only those who dare to fail greatly can ever achieve greatly. Taking ideas from the unit 'Enterprise' along with your own ideas, write a speech to be delivered in the morning assembly of your school on the topic 'Success comes to those who will and dare'. You are Radha/Rishabh of class VIII. (Word limit: 100-120 words) [D.A.V Board March 2021]

Q. Many start-ups began during the pandemie but only a few succeeded. Others failed due to lack of determination and consistent hard work. This proves that no endeavour can be successful without hard work, determination and perseverance. Taking ideas from the Unit-Enterprise, write a speech on the topic, Success comes to those, who never give up'. (Word limit: 100-120) (Sample paper 2022)

Q. Ups and downs are a part and parcel of life. But maintaining an indomitable spirit in the face of such circumstances helps one achieve success. Taking ideas from the unit- Enterprise- of English Reader along with your own ideas write a speech on the topic- Success Comes to Those Who Will And Dare.                                         (100-120 words)

Unseen Passage 2: Sophie Germain (bbc compacta class 6th Self access module Q.8.)

 Q.  Read the following passage carefully.

(1) Sophie Germain was a mathematical genius who lived between 1776 and 1831. She was born in France. Her father, Ambroze Franscois, was a silk merchant. He and her mother, Marie Germain, were intellectuals who were active in the French Revolution.

(2) At the time, in France, daughters of wealthy people were given private tution, in reading and writing, but not maths, which they were never expected to use. Only boys went to school.

(3) Sophie spent a lot of time in her father's library, reading. There she came across a story about Archimedes, an ancient scientist, who was killed by the Romans because he was so engrossed in working out a math problem that he didn't notice their arrival. What was it about mathematics that could have so captivated a man's mind? Sophie wondered. To find out, she began to read books on mathematics.

(4) Her interest frightened her parents. They worried that it was harmful for a female to be engrossed in such a subject and tried to discourage her by putting out the fire when they went to bed, and taking away all the candles in her room to prevent her from reading after bedtime. Sophie didn't argue with parents, but she did hide candles away, and, after her parents were sound asleep, she would get up, wrap herself in a blanket, and, work on math problems in candlelight. One morning, her parents discovered their daughter's secret. She had fallen asleep at her desk. It had been so cold that the ink in her bottle had frozen!

(5) Realising that she wasn't going to give up, her parent reluctantly agreed to allow her to study on her own. However, they did not actively help by hiring tutors, and kept hoping that she would outgrow her interest. Finally, understanding that this would never happen, her mother secretly provided Sophie with financial support to study maths.                [Dr. T. V. Padma (The Hindu)]

                             Questions

(I) On the basis of your reading of the passage, complete the following sentences as briefly as possible. Write the answers in the space provided. 

(a) During Sophie's time, French daughters were not allowed to study maths because .... .

(b) Sophie's interest in mathematics frightened her parents because .............. .

(c) Two things Sophie's parents did to prevent her from reading after bedtime were: (i)......... and (ii) ......... .

(d) However, Sophie managed to continue to work on mathematics by: (i) .......... and (ii) ....... .

(e) Sophie's parents discovered her secret one day when ............. .

(f) Sophie's parents finally agreed to allow her to study mathematics because ................ .

(g) '.... this would never happen.' Here 'this' refers to ........... .

(h) Sophie's mother eventually helped her to study mathematics by .......... .

(II) Find words from passage which mean the same as the following from the paragraphs indicated. Write the answers in the space provided.

(a) Well educated persons (paragraph 1)

(b) charmed; attracted (paragraph 3)

                          Answers

(I) 

(a) they were never expected to use it. (para 2)

(b) they worried that it was harmful for a female to be engrossed in such a subject. (para 4) 

(c) (i) putting out the fire when they went to bed.

  (ii) taking away all the candles from her room. (para 4)

(d) (i) by hiding candles 

       (ii) by wrapping herself in a blanket.(para 4)

(e) she had fallen asleep at her desk (para 4)

(f) she wasn't going to give up (para 5)

(g) outgrow her interest (para 5)

(h) secretly providing financial help to her (para 5)

(II)

(a) Intellectuals

(b) captivated

Tradition Against Modernity

 Q. You are Somya/Somesh. You feel disturbed to see the modern youngsters going away from age old traditions and forgetting the basic moral values. You decide to deliver a speech in the morning assembly of your school highlighting your views on 'Tradition against Modernity'. Taking ideas from the Unit 'Changing Times' and using your own ideas, write a speech in about 100-150 words.

A.        TRADITION AGAINST MODERNITY

Respected Principal, My worthy teachers and dear friends. Today I stand before you to express my views on the topic 'Tradition Against Modernity'.

Science has brought tremendous changes in the world. With the passage of time, the society is changing and its behaviour is also changing with a great pace(mean speed). It is changing from a traditional society to a modern one. People are adopting the western culture and are blindly adapting their fashion trends. These days the young generation is crazy for western styles. They are forgetting their traditions and are going for a funky styles like wearing short dresses, tatooing their bodies etc. They feel that their culture is worthless. It is good to change but we should not cross our limits. Modernity means to have a broad outlook towards our lives. Thus, it becomes the duty of every people to save his culture and traditions so that we can leave a strong nation for the future generation.

Thank you!

Unseen Passage 1: The Musical Donkey (BBC Compacta class 6th Self Access Module Q.9)

 Q1. Read the following story carefully.

THE MUSICAL DONKEY

(1)  Once a washerman had a donkey. The donkey was old and lean. During the day the donkey had to carry heavy loads of clothes, but at night he was free to go about.

(2)  The donkey happened to meet a jackal. They became friends and wandered together in search of food.

(3) One night they found a garden full of ripe cucumbers. They went in and ate as much as they could and come back. The next night they went there again and ate as much cucumber as they wanted. This went on night after night and soon the donkey become fat.

(4) A few days later the donkey felt so happy after eating the cucumber that he said to the jackal, "Look, dear Nephew, the moon is shining in the sky, the night is pleasant, and I feel like singing."

(5) "Don't, Uncle, please don't", said the jackal."It will only bring trouble for us. The farmers will hear you and they will come after us. We are thieves here. It is better for thieves to be quite."

(6) "Dear Nephew," said the donkey, "everything here is lovely and I feel so happy that I must sing a nice song."

(7) "Shut up, Uncle," said the jackal. If you sing, the farmers will hear you. Believe me, they will surely come here to reward you. Their reward you may not like. So you'd better not to sing." But the donkey wouldn't listen to the jackal and began to bray again.

(8) "Very well, Uncle," said the jackal. "You can sing as much as you like but I shall go and wait for you outside the garden."

(9) The donkey began to "sing". The farmers heard his loud braying. They knew that a donkey was in the garden and they all rushed there with heavy weapons. The donkey was still braying when they started beating him. They beat him so hard that the donkey fell down. The farmers tied a heavy mortar round his neck before they left.

(10) The jackal was waiting outside the garden when the donkey dragged himself out. "Dear Uncle," said the jackal, "so the farmers gave you a big reward for their singing. Congratulations."

(11) "I am sorry, Nephew," said the donkey, "that I did not listen to you."

                      Questions

(I) On the basis of your reading the above story, complete the following sentences as briefly as possible. 

(a)  During the day the donkey ...................

(b) The donkey moved around at night with the jackal ....................

(c) After eating cucumber the donkey ...........

(d) On one such night the donkey expressed his desire ........................

(e) The loud braying ................. the farmers and they ....................

(II) Answer the following questions as briefly as posssible.

(a) What piece of advice did the jackal give to his friend- donkey? How did the donkey react to his friend's advice?

(b) Why did the jackal go out of the garden when the donkey began to sing?

(c) How was the donkey rewarded by the farmers for his singing?

(III) Find word from the passage which almost mean the opposite of the following from the paragraphs indicated. 

 (a) fat (paragraphs 1-3)

 (b) punish (paragraphs 6-7)

   

                                Answers

(I) 

(a)  had to carry heavy loads of clothes. (para 1)

(b) in search of food. (para 2)

(c) become fat. (para 3)

(d) of singing. (para 4)

(e) will hear,  will come after us. (para 5)

(II)

(a) The jackal advised the donkey not to sing. 

He did not listen to the jackal and kept on braying. (para 7)

(b) The jackal went out of the garden because he knew the farmers would beat up donkey when he sing. (para 7)

(c) The donkey was rewarded by the farmers for his singing with hard beatings and they tied a heavy motor round his neck. (para 9)

(III)

(a) lean 

(b) reward

Media-Impact on Teenagers

 Q. Today's generation easily gets influenced by Media and its resources. Media has the power to hold the attention of the audiences especially the teenagers who are prone to get affected by the hype(वहम) created for things by media. You are varun/varunika of class VIII, you feel concerned and decide to write an article on 'Media-Impact on teenagers'. Express your views by taking hints from the unit 'Changing times'. (word limit: 120-150 words)

A.       MEDIA-IMPACT ON TEENAGERS

                                                    By- Varun

Teenagers today depend on the media for information on everything like latest gadgets, fashion trends, new cars etc. in the market. The effect of media on teenagers is far reaching. It almost controls the minds of teenagers like a giant remote control.

Due to the effect of media, the teenagers are proved to act violently. Watching too much of  T.V. takes the children away from school work. The children should be supervised by their elders while watching T.V. or internet. It is also found that those who watch T.V. for a long hours develop obesity. Advertisements and movies bring some bad habits like smoking, use of drugs and alcohol. Thus, we can say that T.V. can be an educational tool if used wisely and supervised by parents. So, if we use the media in a right manner it can prove to be a boon. But if it is not used wisely, it can be a curse for the society.

Another way of question to be asked in examination:

You are Aditi/Aditya of class VIII. You school is celebrating "Media Awareness Day". On this occasion you have been asked to deliver a speech on-'The Impact of Media on Teenagers'. Taking ideas from the visual given below/ above and using your own ideas, write the speech to be delivered in the morning assembly of your school, in not more than 150 words.

Simple living high thinking

 Q. You are Namita/Nikhil of standard VIII, You are very upset to see that now a days, people waste a lot of time, energy and money to improve their outward appearance. They just believe in show off and not concerned about their character development. Lives of great men like gandhiji, mother teresa, vivekanand etc. provide a guiding light and set examples of true virtues and character. Taking ideas or hints from the unit 'compassionate souls', along with your own ideas, draft a speech to be delivered in the morning assembly of your school on the topic 'Simple living high thinking'. [SA1 2016-17 Class VIII DAV BOARD]

A.

Respected Principal, My worthy teachers and my Dear friends. Today I stand before you to express my views on the topic 'Simple living high thinking'.

Gandhiji followed an ideal life style and believed in simple living high thinking. If a person is serious about the aim of life, he should choose a simple life style. We should have our focus on the path of perfection and simple living. We should take only that what is essential for our life. We should not choose those things that will make our life complicated. To reduce our needs to the minimum, we should be less demanding, we should try to improve ourselves spiritually so that we do not get trapped in the worldly matters. It is a fact that all the great personalities had adopt a simple living style with a broad outlook to ours life. So, if we want to be successful in our life we emulate this thinking in our life.

Thank you !

The lives of Samaritans like Mahatma Hansraj. Dr Parameswar Rao, Mother Teresa, Baba Amte are true examples of compassion and humanitarianism. They all moved out of their comfort zone to serve humanity. Taking ideas from the unit- Compassionate Souls- of English Reader along with your own ideas write a speech on the topic- Simple Living And High Thinking. (100-120 words)

Sentences, its parts and its kinds.

Meaning of Sentence:  Sentence refers to/means a group of words that/which makes a complete sense.

Parts of Sentence: Each Sentence has two parts or components:

1. Subject: About which we speak is called subject. िजसके बारे मे कुछ कहा जाए Subject of a sentence is the part of sentence which names the person or thing we are speaking about. OR The word or words denoting the person or thing about which something is said.

2. Predicate: What is said about the subject is called predicate. Subject के बारे मे कुछ कहा जाए Predicate of a sentence is the part of sentence which say about a person or a thing denoted/indicated by the subject. OR The part of sentence which tell something about the subject.

For e.g. i) Rohan       writes a letter.

                  Subject.        Predicate.  

ii) The Himalayas  are full of herbs used in                                       the treatment of diseases.

Subject                         Predicate

Kinds of Sentences: Sentences can be classified on the following two basis:

1. On the basis of form and structure: There are three types of Sentence

i) Simple Sentences: A simple sentence is one which has only one subject and one predicate. OR A simple sentence is one which has only one Finite verb.

*A Finite verb is one which is limited by number and person of its subject.

e.g. i) Boys fly Kites.

       ii) Gold is yellow.

ii) Compound Sentences: Sentences which has two or more subordinate clauses/ co-ordinate clauses.

iii) Complex Sentences: A sentence is one which has one principal clause and one or more than one subordinate clause.

e.g. 1. He is a man whom we all respect.

*Principal clause is a clause which is itself a complete Sentence.

e.g. He said He was a rich man.

2. On the basis of Meaning/ sense:

i) Assertive Sentences: Sentence which states facts, describe things, or report events are called Statements. Statements are of two kinds:

a) Positive statements: Statement which give information on completeness of action.

e.g. The boy broke the window.

        Valmiki wrote Ramayana.

b) Negative statements: Statement which do not give information on completeness of action. These statements contain the word 'not'.

e.g. You did not go there.

       He is not a good boy.

ii) Interrogative Sentences: A sentence that asks a question is called interrogative sentence. Who, where, whom, when, what, how are used in these sentences.

e.g. What are you doing ?

        Whose book is this ?

         Whom do you like the most ?

Subject in these sentences do not come before the verb but after a part of verb.

A question mark (?) is used/ placed at the end of every interrogative Sentence.

iii) Imperative Sentences: A sentence that expresses a command, a request, an advice, a suggestion, prohibition, entreaty is called an imperative sentence.

eg. Be quite. (order)

      Never tell a lie. (Advice)

     Keep quite, girls. (command)

*Command- आदेश (Order) order means what you can or can't do authority. (Something/ someone under someone's control)

*Request- िवनय/िनवेदन An act of asking politely( in a respectful manner) or formally (in a serious and correct way) for something.

*Advice- सलाह To recommend best action to someone.

*Suggestion- Giving particular idea by associating (combining) it with other ideas.

*Prohibition- An order to stop Something.

*Entreaty- Humble, polite or serious request.

iv) Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that express wonder, sorrow, admiration, joy, etc. is called as exclamatory sentence.

e.g. 1) Hurrah! We won the match. (hurrah used to express joy)

2) How beautiful city it is !

3) Alas! I have lost all my children. (Alas used to express grief, pity दया, or concern िचंता worry.

4) Bravo! You have done well. (Bravo used for conmenting someone for well done job)

v) Optative Sentences: A sentence that express a wish or desire (इच्छा) is called optative sentence.

eg. 1) May you live long!

      2) May your team win the match!

The importance of Adult Education.

 Q.  You are Rohan. Write an article on "The importance of Adult Education" for your school magazine.

A. 

THE IMPORTANCE OF ADULT EDUCATION

                                                         Rohan

Our India is still a developing country and one of the major obstacles on our path of development is illiteracy among our masses. One rarely efficient way to deal with this would be to spread adult education. Lack of proper education in the Indian society is the reason of almost all the social evils of our country. Knowledge brings everyone in a light whereas illiteracy takes people towards darkness. Every corner of a country should get enlightened with the lamp of education and this should comprise of those adults who in their childhood had not been privileged enough to get education. The adults need to be well informed and aware, only then they will work hard to get their children educated. A lot depends on the literacy level of our citizens. Government has taken many steps to promote and spread adult education. Camps, special classes, vocational classes have been started for them. Still there is a lot left to be done, and by coming together we will very soon achieve this goal. 

Q. After having read the story, you realised the anguish of illiterate adults, you want to make your friends aware of it and contribute something in bringing about a change in the lives of illiterate adults. Deliver a speech in the morning assembly of your school about importance of adult education and ways to implement it.

Q. You are Sarita/Sourabh. Your school organised an adult literacy camp. Many people benefitted from it. You realised the importance of educating the adults. Write an article on 'Importance of Adult Education' for your school magazine in 100-150 words. (CBSE CLASS 10TH 2020)

Uses of 'For' and 'Since'.

 Mainly, For and Since are used with the present perfect and the present perfect contiuous Tense. They are used as follow:

For: For is used with a period of time upto now. It is used to indicate the time of the beginning or the duration of the action. It is used before indefinite/uncertain period of time. 

'for' is used before-

Rule (1) : Numeral Adjective + minutes

for e.g.  (a) For thirty minutes

               (b) For many minutes

               (c) For several minutes

Rule (2) : Numeral Adjective + hours

for e.g.   (a) For two hours

                (b) For many hours

                 (c) For several hours

Rule (3) : Numeral Adjective + days

for e.g.    (a) For five days

                 (b) For many days

                  (c) For several days

Rule (4) : Numeral Adjective + weeks

for e.g.    (a) For two weeks

                 (b) For many weeks

                  (c) For several weeks

Rule (5) : Numeral Adjective + months

for e.g.    (a) For three months

                 (b) For many months

                 (c) For several months

Rule (6) : Numeral Adjective + years

for e.g.      (a) For five years

                   (b) For many years

                   (c) For several years

Rule (7) : Numeral Adjective + decades

for e.g.     (a) For three decades

                  (b) For many decades

                  (c)  For several decades

Rule (8) : Numeral Adjective + Centuries

for e.g.     (a) For two centuries

                  (b) For many centuries

                  (c) For several centuries

Rule (9) : A + minute

for e.g.  For a minute

Rule (10) : An + hour

for e.g.  For an hour

Rule (11) : A + day

for e.g.   For a day

Rule (12) : A + week

for e.g.   For a week

Rule (13) : A + month

for e.g.   For a month

Rule (14) : A + year

for e.g.    For a year

Rule (15) : A + decade

for e.g.    For a decade

Rule (16) : A + century

for e.g.   For a century

Rule (17) : A long period/ a long time/ ever/ a                      while/ a moment/ an era

for e.g  For a long time 

              For a while

              For a long time

              For a moment

              For ever

Rule (18) : The last/Past + Numeral Adjective + minute(s)/ hour(s)/ day(s)/ week(s)/ month(s)/ year(s)/ decade(s)/ century/centuries.

for e.g. For the last five hours

              For the past four days

               For the last six years

              For the past six years

Rule (19) : seasons

for e.g.  For two seasons

Rule (20) : Minutes/hours/days/weeks/months/years/decades/centuries

for e.g. For hours

              For years

             For months

             For weeks

Note: (i) Since is not used before Period of time + ago but for is used.

for e.g. (a) His brother has been ill for five days.

(b) His brother has been ill since five days ago.

(ii) For is not used with all + period of time

for e.g. (a) It has been raining all day.

(iii) For is used in sense of तक/ के िलए  in Tenses.

for e.g. (a) Binay waited for me for three hours.

(b) She goes there for two hours every day.

(c) My younger brother will be in Mumbai for the next five days.

Since: Since is used with some point of time in the past. It means from that point of time to the point of speaking. Since is used before:

Rule (1) : name of the days

For e.g.  Since Monday

                Since Tuesday

Rule (2) : name of the months

For e.g.  Since January

                Since February

Rule (3) : name of the years

For e.g.  Since 1980

                Since 1990

Rule (4) : name of the parts of the day

For e.g.  Since Morning

                Since noon

                Since daybreak

                Since dawn

                Since afternoon

                Since evening

                 Since night

                 Since midnight

                 Since sunrise

                 Since sunset

                  Since dusk

                  Since twilight

Rule (5) :  O'clock/a.m./p.m. 

For e.g. Since 5O'clock

               Since 6 a.m.

                Since 7 p.m.

                 Since 6:30 a.m.

Rule (6) : yesterday/ last night/ last week/ last month/ last year

For e.g.  Since yesterday

                Since last night

                Since last month

                 Since last year

Rule (7) : name of seasons

For e.g.  Since Spring

                Since winter

                 Since Autumn

                 Since summer

Rule (8) : name of festivals

For e.g.   Since Diwali

                 Since Id

                  Since Christmas

Rule (9) : name of events

For e.g.    Since arrival

                  Since his departure

                   Since his birth

                   Since his marriage

                    Since his death

                    Since their quarrel

Rule (10) : Stage of one's life

For e.g.    Since his childhood

                   Since your youth

Rule (11) : last+monday/tuesday.........etc., January/february.....etc., Spring/winter.......etc. or other time expressing words 

For e.g.   Since last monday 

                 Since monday last

                  Since last march

                  Since march last

                  Since last spring

                  Since spring last

                  Since last midnight

                  Since midnight last

Note: For is used before The last+ Time expressing words because it shows a period of time not a point of time.

For e.g.  (a) Since last week means A point of time about seven days ago.

(b) For the last week means the period of seven days just completed.