Simple living high thinking

 Q. You are Namita/Nikhil of standard VIII, You are very upset to see that now a days, people waste a lot of time, energy and money to improve their outward appearance. They just believe in show off and not concerned about their character development. Lives of great men like gandhiji, mother teresa, vivekanand etc. provide a guiding light and set examples of true virtues and character. Taking ideas or hints from the unit ‘compassionate souls’, along with your own ideas, draft a speech to be delivered in the morning assembly of your school on the topic 'Simple living high thinking'. [SA1 2016-17 Class VIII DAV BOARD]

Respected Principal, My worthy teachers and my Dear friends. Today I stand before you to express my views on the topic 'Simple living high thinking'.

Gandhiji followed an ideal life style and believed in simple living high thinking. If a person is serious about the aim of life, he should choose a simple life style. We should have our focus on the path of perfection and simple living. We should take only that what is essential for our life. We should not choose those things that will make our life complicated. To reduce our needs to the minimum, we should be less demanding, we should try to improve ourselves spiritually so that we do not get trapped in the worldly matters. It is a fact that all the great personalities had adopt a simple living style with a broad outlook to ours life. So, if we want to be successful in our life we emulate this thinking in our life.

Thank you !

The lives of Samaritans like Mahatma Hansraj. Dr Parameswar Rao, Mother Teresa, Baba Amte are true examples of compassion and humanitarianism. They all moved out of their comfort zone to serve humanity. Taking ideas from the unit- Compassionate Souls- of English Reader along with your own ideas write a speech on the topic- Simple Living And High Thinking. (100-120 words)

Sentences, its parts and its kinds.

Meaning of Sentence:  Sentence refers to/means a group of words that/which makes a complete sense.

Parts of Sentence: Each Sentence has two parts or components:

1. Subject: About which we speak is called subject. िजसके बारे मे कुछ कहा जाए Subject of a sentence is the part of sentence which names the person or thing we are speaking about. OR The word or words denoting the person or thing about which something is said.

2. Predicate: What is said about the subject is called predicate. Subject के बारे मे कुछ कहा जाए Predicate of a sentence is the part of sentence which say about a person or a thing denoted/indicated by the subject. OR The part of sentence which tell something about the subject.

For e.g. i) Rohan       writes a letter.

                  Subject.        Predicate.  

ii) The Himalayas  are full of herbs used in                                       the treatment of diseases.

Subject                         Predicate

Kinds of Sentences: Sentences can be classified on the following two basis:

1. On the basis of form and structure: There are three types of Sentence

i) Simple Sentences: A simple sentence is one which has only one subject and one predicate. OR A simple sentence is one which has only one Finite verb.

*A Finite verb is one which is limited by number and person of its subject.

e.g. i) Boys fly Kites.

       ii) Gold is yellow.

ii) Compound Sentences: Sentences which has two or more subordinate clauses/ co-ordinate clauses.

iii) Complex Sentences: A sentence is one which has one principal clause and one or more than one subordinate clause.

e.g. 1. He is a man whom we all respect.

*Principal clause is a clause which is itself a complete Sentence.

e.g. He said He was a rich man.

2. On the basis of Meaning/ sense:

i) Assertive Sentences: Sentence which states facts, describe things, or report events are called Statements. Statements are of two kinds:

a) Positive statements: Statement which give information on completeness of action.

e.g. The boy broke the window.

        Valmiki wrote Ramayana.

b) Negative statements: Statement which do not give information on completeness of action. These statements contain the word 'not'.

e.g. You did not go there.

       He is not a good boy.

ii) Interrogative Sentences: A sentence that asks a question is called interrogative sentence. Who, where, whom, when, what, how are used in these sentences.

e.g. What are you doing ?

        Whose book is this ?

         Whom do you like the most ?

Subject in these sentences do not come before the verb but after a part of verb.

A question mark (?) is used/ placed at the end of every interrogative Sentence.

iii) Imperative Sentences: A sentence that expresses a command, a request, an advice, a suggestion, prohibition, entreaty is called an imperative sentence.

eg. Be quite. (order)

      Never tell a lie. (Advice)

     Keep quite, girls. (command)

*Command- आदेश (Order) order means what you can or can't do authority. (Something/ someone under someone's control)

*Request- िवनय/िनवेदन An act of asking politely( in a respectful manner) or formally (in a serious and correct way) for something.

*Advice- सलाह To recommend best action to someone.

*Suggestion- Giving particular idea by associating (combining) it with other ideas.

*Prohibition- An order to stop Something.

*Entreaty- Humble, polite or serious request.

iv) Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that express wonder, sorrow, admiration, joy, etc. is called as exclamatory sentence.

e.g. 1) Hurrah! We won the match. (hurrah used to express joy)

2) How beautiful city it is !

3) Alas! I have lost all my children. (Alas used to express grief, pity दया, or concern िचंता worry.

4) Bravo! You have done well. (Bravo used for conmenting someone for well done job)

v) Optative Sentences: A sentence that express a wish or desire (इच्छा) is called optative sentence.

eg. 1) May you live long!

      2) May your team win the match!

The importance of Adult Education.

 Q.  You are Rohan. Write an article on “The importance of Adult Education” for your school magazine.
A. 

THE IMPORTANCE OF ADULT EDUCATION
Rohan

Our India is still a developing country and one of the major obstacles on our path of development is illiteracy among our masses. One rarely efficient way to deal with this would be to spread adult education. Lack of proper education in the Indian society is the reason of almost all the social evils of our country. Knowledge brings everyone in a light whereas illiteracy takes people towards darkness. Every corner of a country should get enlightened with the lamp of education and this should comprise of those adults who in their childhood had not been privileged enough to get education. The adults need to be well informed and aware, only then they will work hard to get their children educated. A lot depends on the literacy level of our citizens. Government has taken many steps to promote and spread adult education. Camps, special classes, vocational classes have been started for them. Still there is a lot left to be done, and by coming together we will very soon achieve this goal. 

Q. After having read the story, you realised the anguish of illiterate adults, you want to make your friends aware of it and contribute something in bringing about a change in the lives of illiterate adults. Deliver a speech in the morning assembly of your school about importance of adult education and ways to implement it.

Q. You are Sarita/Sourabh. Your school organised an adult literacy camp. Many people benefitted from it. You realised the importance of educating the adults. Write an article on 'Importance of Adult Education' for your school magazine in 100-150 words. (CBSE CLASS 10TH 2020)

Uses of 'For' and 'Since'.

 Mainly, For and Since are used with the present perfect and the present perfect contiuous Tense. They are used as follow:

For: For is used with a period of time upto now. It is used to indicate the time of the beginning or the duration of the action. It is used before indefinite/uncertain period of time. 

'for' is used before-

Rule (1) : Numeral Adjective + minutes

for e.g.  (a) For thirty minutes

               (b) For many minutes

               (c) For several minutes

Rule (2) : Numeral Adjective + hours

for e.g.   (a) For two hours

                (b) For many hours

                 (c) For several hours

Rule (3) : Numeral Adjective + days

for e.g.    (a) For five days

                 (b) For many days

                  (c) For several days

Rule (4) : Numeral Adjective + weeks

for e.g.    (a) For two weeks

                 (b) For many weeks

                  (c) For several weeks

Rule (5) : Numeral Adjective + months

for e.g.    (a) For three months

                 (b) For many months

                 (c) For several months

Rule (6) : Numeral Adjective + years

for e.g.      (a) For five years

                   (b) For many years

                   (c) For several years

Rule (7) : Numeral Adjective + decades

for e.g.     (a) For three decades

                  (b) For many decades

                  (c)  For several decades

Rule (8) : Numeral Adjective + Centuries

for e.g.     (a) For two centuries

                  (b) For many centuries

                  (c) For several centuries

Rule (9) : A + minute

for e.g.  For a minute

Rule (10) : An + hour

for e.g.  For an hour

Rule (11) : A + day

for e.g.   For a day

Rule (12) : A + week

for e.g.   For a week

Rule (13) : A + month

for e.g.   For a month

Rule (14) : A + year

for e.g.    For a year

Rule (15) : A + decade

for e.g.    For a decade

Rule (16) : A + century

for e.g.   For a century

Rule (17) : A long period/ a long time/ ever/ a                      while/ a moment/ an era

for e.g  For a long time 

              For a while

              For a long time

              For a moment

              For ever

Rule (18) : The last/Past + Numeral Adjective + minute(s)/ hour(s)/ day(s)/ week(s)/ month(s)/ year(s)/ decade(s)/ century/centuries.

for e.g. For the last five hours

              For the past four days

               For the last six years

              For the past six years

Rule (19) : seasons

for e.g.  For two seasons

Rule (20) : Minutes/hours/days/weeks/months/years/decades/centuries

for e.g. For hours

              For years

             For months

             For weeks

Note: (i) Since is not used before Period of time + ago but for is used.

for e.g. (a) His brother has been ill for five days.

(b) His brother has been ill since five days ago.

(ii) For is not used with all + period of time

for e.g. (a) It has been raining all day.

(iii) For is used in sense of तक/ के िलए  in Tenses.

for e.g. (a) Binay waited for me for three hours.

(b) She goes there for two hours every day.

(c) My younger brother will be in Mumbai for the next five days.

Since: Since is used with some point of time in the past. It means from that point of time to the point of speaking. Since is used before:

Rule (1) : name of the days

For e.g.  Since Monday

                Since Tuesday

Rule (2) : name of the months

For e.g.  Since January

                Since February

Rule (3) : name of the years

For e.g.  Since 1980

                Since 1990

Rule (4) : name of the parts of the day

For e.g.  Since Morning

                Since noon

                Since daybreak

                Since dawn

                Since afternoon

                Since evening

                 Since night

                 Since midnight

                 Since sunrise

                 Since sunset

                  Since dusk

                  Since twilight

Rule (5) :  O'clock/a.m./p.m. 

For e.g. Since 5O'clock

               Since 6 a.m.

                Since 7 p.m.

                 Since 6:30 a.m.

Rule (6) : yesterday/ last night/ last week/ last month/ last year

For e.g.  Since yesterday

                Since last night

                Since last month

                 Since last year

Rule (7) : name of seasons

For e.g.  Since Spring

                Since winter

                 Since Autumn

                 Since summer

Rule (8) : name of festivals

For e.g.   Since Diwali

                 Since Id

                  Since Christmas

Rule (9) : name of events

For e.g.    Since arrival

                  Since his departure

                   Since his birth

                   Since his marriage

                    Since his death

                    Since their quarrel

Rule (10) : Stage of one's life

For e.g.    Since his childhood

                   Since your youth

Rule (11) : last+monday/tuesday.........etc., January/february.....etc., Spring/winter.......etc. or other time expressing words 

For e.g.   Since last monday 

                 Since monday last

                  Since last march

                  Since march last

                  Since last spring

                  Since spring last

                  Since last midnight

                  Since midnight last

Note: For is used before The last+ Time expressing words because it shows a period of time not a point of time.

For e.g.  (a) Since last week means A point of time about seven days ago.

(b) For the last week means the period of seven days just completed.