Pie charts interpretation

 Q. The pie charts show the nutrients of two types of foods, Macaroni and medium baked potato. Write a minimum 150-word report for a university lecturer comparing the constituents of two foods.

The two pie charts compare the nutrients of two types of foods, Marconi and medium baked potato The division is on the basis of four basic nutrients; carbohydrates, protein, saturated fat and glucose.

It is seen that medium baked potato consists of mainlv carbohydrates and protein which are 35% and 25% respectively. So, they together form much more than half of this food. The amount of saturated fat and remaining nutrients is very low comnparatively.

On the other hand, Marconi food mainly consists of carbohydrates. These are more than half, that is, 52%. Following it has slightly less than one fourth saturated fat, that is, 21%. In contrast to this, Marconi food has much lower protein and glucose which is 11% each. Other nutrients are almost nil at 5%.

Thus, both types of foods, Marconi as well as medium baked potato are nutritious but the proportions of their nutrients are different.

REFERRAL POINTS: Marconi and medium baked potato// baked potato consists of mainly carbohydrates and protein// Marconi food mainly consists of carbohydrates// Marconi as well as medium baked potato are nutritious.

VOCABULARY: Compare: contrast // comparatively: moderately // nil: negligible.

Diagram interpretation

 Q. The diagrams below show how glass containers such as bottles, are produced and recycled. Write a report of minimum 150 words consisting of the main features.

The illustrations explain the procedure of making glass containers like bottles along with the process of glass recycling.

It is apparent from the first diagram that first of all, sand, soda ash, limestone and other chemicals are mixed. After this, the mixture is melted in a glass furnace at a temperature of approximately 1500°C. Further, in order to provide shape, molten glass is blown and finally, glass containers are manufactured.

Additionally, for the process of recycling glass, five steps are followed. To begin with, used glass is collected followed by classification of glass according to colour. Next, washing is done in order to discard impurities. After crushing and melting, the glass is moulded into new products in the last step. 

Hence, from the overall analysis, it is evident that all the steps are necessary to be followed in both the processes. If any step is omitted, the process will come to a halt.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Diagrams - Manufacturing of glass containers and recycling of glass shown.

Diagram 1 - Different materials are mixed // Melting is done in glass furnace at approximately 1500°C // Molten glass is blown to give shape // Glass containers are made.

Diagram 2 - Used glass is collected // Classified by colour // Washing is done to discard impurities // Crushing and melting is done // Finally,  glass is moulded into new products.

VOCABULARY: 

Procedure: process // clear: apparant, evident // remove: discard // sorted: classified // omitted: missed // halt: stop

Data Interpretation

 Q. The table and pie charts give information about the total value of fish imported to the US between 1989 and 2001 from Canada to China. Write a report of at least 150 words describing the main features and making required and suitable comparisons.

The given table and pie charts demonstrate the total worth of fish imports to the US and its sources for the years 1989, 1992 and 2001.

It is lucid that total value of fish imports was significant in the year 2001 as it was 10.72 billion dollars. It was 2.2 billion dollars lesser in the year 1992. However, the value was least in 1989 (6.57 billion dollars)

The pie charts reveal that 60% imports to US were from Canada in 1989, but this percentage fell to 44% after 4 years and further decreased to 28% in 2001. On the other hand, only one tenth of the the total fish imported was from China in 1989 and this proportion remained same in 1992, while there was a surge of 20% in imports from China in the year 2001. Turning to the other sources, slightly more than one-fourth of the total imports were there in 1989. This percentage increased drastically to 46% in the year 1992 and then dropped by 4% in 2001.

Hence, total value was the highest in 2001 and fish imports were majorly from Canada.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Table and pie chart // total worth and sources of fish traded in to the US // Maximum value- 10.72 billion dollars- 2001 // Maximum import of fish from Canada.

VOCABULARY: Show: depict, demonstrate // maximum: highest // percentage: proportion // lowest: least, minimum // rendered: given

Table interpretation.

 Q. The given table show the sales of Fair Trade for coffee and bananas in 1990 and 2000. Write a report consisting of relevant comparisons and significant features. You write at least 150 words. 

The tables reveal the sales income of Fair Trade for coffee and bananas in two given years, 1990 and 2000. Data has calibrated in millions of euros.

It is vivid from the first table that substantial amount of money was expended by Switzerland to purchase coffee in the year 1990, that is, 15 million Euros, whereas, in the year 2000, UK spent maximum. Denmark’s spending on coffee was 1.8 million Euros in 1990, it surged minutely by 0.2 million Euros after a decade. Expenditure of Beligum and Sweden on coffee went up after 10 years.

Further, it is apparent from the second table that UK spent a huge amount of money for purchasing bananas in 1990 and 2000, amounts being, 15 and 47 million Euros correspondingly. There was a considerable increase in the expenditure of Switzerland on bananas over the span of one decade. Same was true for Denmark as well. The money expended on bananas by Belgium dropped from 18 million Euros in 1990 to 1 million Euros in 2000. Sweden’s expenditure on bananas almost halved from 1990 to 2000.

Overall, the highest amount of bananas was spent by UK in both the years and lowest on coffee was expended by Sweden in 1990 and 2000.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Tables // Sales income of Fair Trade for coffee and bananas // Time period – 1990 and 2000 // Data calibration – millions of euros // 1990 – Maximum expenditure on coffee by Switzerland // 2000 – Maximum expenditure on coffee by UK // Bananas – 1990 & 2000 – Maximum expenditure on coffee by UK.

VOCABULARY:

Show: reveal // calibrated: calculated // clear: vivid, apparent // spent: expended // surged: increased // elevated: increased // respectively: correspondingly // time period: duration, span

Describing Diagram

 Q. The given diagram shows the process of hydro-electric power generation. Write a report of minimum 150 words describing how the process works.

The image provided depicts the information about the production of electricity in various steps. 

It is clear that when the sun’s rays fall on the water in the sea, water evaporates in the form of vapour to form clouds. Once the clouds become heavy, there is rainfall. The rain water is stored in a reservoir behind a dam. On the requirement of energy, a valve is opened so that the stored water flows into a turbine that is attached to cables of high voltage and further to a transformer station.

As per the remaining process, the transformer station converts the energy of turbine, formed on its moving, into electrical energy. Following this, the power, thus produced, is sent to hospitals or schools as per requirement through cables which are fitted below the ground. Also, the extra water, after generation of power, is pumped back into the reservoir for its use, when needed.

Thus, from the overall analysis, it is clear that the production of electricity using water involves several steps which should be followed in order to bring desirable results.

REFERRAL POINTS: 

process of production of hydro electricity // sun rays cause evaporation and formation of clouds // when clouds are heavy, rain falls // rainwater is stored in a reservoir and sent to the turbine connected to high voltage cables // further, there is a transformer station to raise the voltage // unused water is sent back into the reservoir // electricity is supplied to schools, hospitals as per need through underground cables.

VOCABULARY:

shows: depicts // production: manufacturing // attached: connected, linked // requirement: need // involves: includes

Graph interpretation

 Q. The graphs below give information about computer ownership as a percentage of the population between 2001 and 2009, and by level of education for two years. Summarize the information by selecting the main features and make relevant comparisons. Write minimum 150 words. 

The bar graphs depict the information about the percentage of total computer ownership from 2001 to 2009 and ownership of computer as per educational qualifications for 2001 and 2009.

It can be seen from the first bar graph that in the year 2001, ownership of computers was nearly 58%. After that, it experienced a steady growth till the year 2009 and reached to approximately 71% in this year.

Further, the second bar graph depicts computer ownership by education level. The least was in the category of no high school diploma. It was about 12 and 42 percent for 2001 and 2009 respectively. The maximum ownership by education level was for post graduate qualification being nearly 98% in 2009 and almost 77% in 2001. The figures were relatively higher (above 80%) for college (incomplete) and bachelor’s degree in 2009 than 2001.

Thus, from the overall analysis, it is clear that computer ownership followed a continuous increasing trend and was highest at post graduation level.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Computer ownership trend from 2001 to 2009 // Ownership by education level for 2001 and 2009 // Highest computer ownership in 2009 at 80% // Lowest in 2001, below 60% // Ownership by level of education was most of post-graduation in both the years // The least was for no high school diploma in 2001 and 2009.

VOCABULARY: 

Percentage: proportion // show: depict // increasing: rising //;approximately: nearly // category: type // maximum: highest // qualification: educational degree // inclined: increased

proportion of population

 Q. The graph shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1930 and 1980 in three different countries.

The per-centum of the populace aged 65 and above from 1930 to 1950 is depicted in the line graph. The data given is for three countries. 

It is apparent that in 1930, Portugal had the highest percentage of people aged 65 and above. The figure continued to rise till 1950 and reached up to 15. However, the trend reversed between 1950 and 1970 as the percentage of the ageing population dropped by 2 per cent. After 1970, it again increased to nearly 22% in 1980.

Turning to spain, it is clear that population of senior citizens rose dramatically from nearly 15% in 1930 to about 25% in 1980. 

Moving further, London experienced most dramatic changes in the population of older people. The percentage of people aged 65 and over was just 5% in 1930. Interestingly, this figure rose exponentially and reached approximately 27% in the end.

It is, therefore, clear that the percentage of population aged 65 and beyond of all three nations went up by following a fluctuating trend. However, maximum increase was in London. 

REFERRAL POINTS:

Per centum of people of age 65 or higher // Three countries: London, Spain, Portugal // In 1930, least in London – 5% and maximum in Portugal – nearly 9% // In 1980, London highest population (above 25%) and lowest was in Portugal at about 23% // Spain had maximum fluctuations // Maximum rise in London // Least rise in Portugal 

VOCABULARY:

Rendered: given // Rise: increase // Nearly: approximately, almost // Peak: highest point // Maximum: highest // Minimum: lowest, least // Decreased: dropped

Table interpretation

 Q. The table below provides information on rental charges and salaries in three areas of London. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information. Write minimum 150 words.

The given table elucidates information about weekly rents of different rooms in three regions of London and the annual salary needed for such areas. The currency used is pounds.

It is clearly seen that Notting hill surpases the other two areas both in case of rents of rooms as well as the accompanying salaries. The rents per week of single, double and triple rooms were 375, 485 and 738 pounds respectively. Similarly, the needed income were very high amounting to 98500, 127500, 194000 pounds respectively.

Furthermore, Regent’s Park occupied the medium position in terms of rental charges for various rooms and the salaries corresponding to the weekly rents. As far as Fulham was concerned, its charges per week for one, two and three rooms were the least, that is, 2,15,390 and 500 respectively. At the same time, their wage requirement was the lowest, that is, 56,500, 1,02,500 and 1,57,500 as per the number of rooms.

Hence, the incomes required per year were proportionate to the rentals in all the 3 areas.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Number and names of different areas // Rental charges of different numbers of rooms in all areas // Required incomes of all rooms in each area // Maximum weekly rent in Notting Hill for 3 rooms - 738 // maximum salary required for the same- 1.94,000.

VOCABULARY:

Regions: area // accompanying: that goes along with something // annual: per year // corresponding: proportionate // sums: amounts // emoluments: salaries/incomes // proportionate: as per the rato // accommodation: rooms

Pie chart interpretation

 Q. The pie charts show information about spendings on different aspects. Write a report of at least 150 words summarizing the main points and making suitable comparisons. 

The pie charts reveal information about expenditure on different aspects in two given years, that is 2003 and 1970.

It is vivid that maximum spending was on cars in 2003, being 43% whereas the expenditure was considerable on food in 1970 (44%). Expenses incurred on restaurants were equal in both the given years, being 14%. Spending on computers fell by 1% from 1970 to 2003 and the same was true for expenditure done on furniture as well.

Further analyzing the pie charts, it is clear that one tenth of the total money was expended on petrol in the year 1970, however, the percentage decreased by 2 in 2003. Spending on books was 6% in 1970 which reduced to slightly less than its half after 33 years. 

Overall, it is apparent from both the pie charts that in the year 1970, maximum expenditure was on food and minimum on cars whereas in 2003, highest amount was expended on cars and least on books.

REFERRAL POINTS:

pie charts // expenditure on different aspects // time period- 2003 and 1970 // in 1970-maximum spending on food (44%) and minimum on cars (5%) // In 2003, maximum expenditure on cars- 43% and least on books (2%) // equal amount expended on restaurants in both the years- 14%

VOCABULARY:

spending: expenditure // expended: spent // decreased: reduced, fell

Pie chart interpretation

 Q. The three pie charts illustrate world spending, world population and consumption of resources respectively in 2008. Write a report to describe the main features and use at least 150 words. 

The first, second and third pie charts depict the information about world expenditure on various resources, distribution of world people and utilization of resources in different areas in 2008 respectively.

It can be clearly seen that maximum expenses were on sources other than the ones mentioned and these were 40%. These were followed by food and then transport, that is, 24% and 18% respectively. Housing expenditure was half of that on food, that is, 12% and minimum money was spent on clothing. 

As per the second pie chart, Asia had more than half the world population, that is, 52%. The continents of Europe and Americas (North America and South America) had an equal population of 14% each. Similarly, in Africa and other regions of the world, it is minimal, that is, 10% each. The third pie chart shows that the major part of the world resources, that is, 65% was utilized by the country of USA and the continent of Europe, whereas remaining resources were available to the rest of the world.

Thus, the least expenditure was on clothing, world populace was unproportionately high in Asia and most of the resources were consumed by regions that had less than half the populace of the globe.

REFERRAL POINTS: expenditure on various aspects // maximum expenses on other sources // maximum world population in Asia // minimum population in Africa and other world parts // USA and Europe used major proportion of resources in 2008.

VOCABULARY: Expenditure: money spent // utilization: usage // populace: distribution of masses // unproportionately: not as per the ratio // major: main // regions: area

Describing Process

 Q. The diagrams depict the process of electricity production in two stages. Summarize the main features and write a report of at least 150 words. 

The given diagrams illustrate a structure that is used to produce electricity from wave power. 

The process consists of a structure mounted on the side of a cliff having a large chamber. A turbine is also fixed inside the column and is used to generate electricity in two stages. In the first stage, when a wave hits the equipment, water is forced to move to the chamber. Pressure is exerted on the air inside the column. This causes the turbine to move and the air passes into the atmosphere producing electricity.

Further, the next part reveals the second phase in which the waves move back. When the level of water goes down, the air from outside the column is sucked back by the turbines. Consequently, electricity generation continues. In this stage, the turbines only moves in one direction. It is not affected by the air flow.

Thus, it can be analyzed that it is a very helpful process to generate electricity in two stages.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Diagrams show/depict production of electricity // structure mounted on a different/sea wall // contains a large chamber // a turbine is fit into it // electricity is generated in two phases // wave forces water into the chamber // pressure is exerted on the air column // movement of turbines is caused // air passes out and produces electricity // wave moves back and level of water goes down // air from outside is sucked back // electricity keeps getting produced.

Vocabulary: Phases: stages // cliff: small mountain // production: generation // contains: consists // fit: installed // device: apparatus/equipment 

Data interpretation.

 Q. The table below shows the spending of people on various items of 5 countries in 2001. 

Write a report of maximum 150 words describing the significant features and comparing data where possible. 

The table provides information about consumer spending on various items in 2001 in different countries. The data is given in percentage.

The striking feature of the chart is that the expenditure incurred on food/drinks/tobacco by consumers in all countries was higher in comparison with clothes and entertainment. Precisely, consumers in Turkey spent significant proportion on food, drinks etcetera (32.14%) followed by USA (28.91%). As far as Spain, Italy and Sweden were concerned, people in these countries spent 18.80%, 16.36% and 15.77% respectively. 

Further, all countries spent differently on clothing and footwear with Americans spending the highest (26.43%) whereas Spanish and Turks being the lowest spenders in this category.

Turning to leisure/education, highest proportion of expenditure was incurred by Turks, that is, 14.35 followed by Spain (11.98%). For Itlay and Spain, the figures were relatively lower at 3.22% and 3.20% respectively. Surprisingly, Americans spent least in this category.

Thus, from the overall analysis, people of most countries spent majority of amount on food/drinks/tobacco followed by clothing and finally, least consumer spending was on leisure/education.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Table/Tabular chart // showing percentage of money spent // 5 different countries on 3 different things // in 2001 // maximum amount spent by all countries was on food/drinks/tobacco // highest in Turkey, 32.14% // lowest amount expended by all countries on leisure/education // least was 2.21% by USA // clothing and footwear people spent differently // Spain and Turkey spent almost equal percentage (nearly 6%)

VOCABULARY: Percentage: proportion, per centum // spent: expended // money: amount // lowest: least, minimum // highest: maximum.

Graph interpretation.

 Q. The graph below shows the value of exports of 3 different items by one country from 1993 to 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Write atleast 150 words. 

The line graph compares value of exports of selected items like fuel, food and manufactured goods over 6 years by one country. The data is given in million dollars.

It is evident that fuel worth 80000 dollars approximately was expected in 1995. A continuous decline was experienced in the subsequent years. In 1996, value of fuel exported dipped to nearly 70000 million dollars. In next 2 years, the figure dropped further and reached at almost 40000 million dollars in 1998. Later, in 1999 and 2000, it remained almost same at 30000 million dollars with only a marginal difference.

Moving further, the figures for export of food remained almost same throughout. The figures always kept below 10000 million dollars. Moving to manufactured goods, a fluctuating trend was observed. Initially, in 1995, the value of manufactured goods exported was nearly 20000 million dollars which doubled by 1997. After that, a fall was experienced and the figure reached 30000 million dollars in 1998. Thereafter, a gradual growth was seen till the last year of 2000.

Thus, continuous fall was witnessed in value of fuel exported over the years, whereas the value of manufactured goods experienced ups and downs. 

Referral Points:

value of exported goods // 6 different years // export value of fuel continuously dropped // In 1995, it was near 80000 dollars // stagnated in last two years // value of food exported was almost same throughout // slight drop in 1996 // manufactured goods had a fluctuating trend (20000 in 1995 & 33000 in 2000) // fall was seen in 1998 and then it again rose till 2000.

VOCABULARY: Show: illustrate // decline: decrease, drop // negligible: slight, little // grow: rise, increase // witnessed: experienced, observed // fluctuating: zigzag

Graph interpretation class IX

 Q. The graph demonstrate telephone calls put into categories in The United States from 2005 to 2012. Write a report of atleast 150 words reporting significant trends and figures along with suitable comparisons.

The given bar graph provides information about the total time spent on calls via fixed lines and mobile phones from 2005 to 2012 in UK. There are 3 types of calls given. The data is calibrated in thousands of minutes. 

Considering local fixed calls first. It is evident that 2008 and 2009 recorded the highest figures for such types of calls. The minutes of calls were same at about 90 thousands. However, year 2005 and 2012 recorded the lowest minutes of calls by fixed line (70 thousands minutes.)

Moving to national and international calls made through fixed line and all mobile calls, it is clear that the trend was upward in both the categories but the rate of increase in former was much higher in comparison with later. Initially the calls made by mobiles were 50 thousand minutes but by 2012, the figure reached at the highest point (inspected thousands minutes). A steady growth was seen in minutes of national and international fixed line calls starting at nearly 35 thousand minutes in 2005 and increasing to 62 thousand minutes by 2012.

Overall, in terms of talk time, local fixed lines topped the charts but rate of growth in case of mobile calls were maximum. 

REFERRAL POINTS: local fixed calls - in 2008 and 2009 - highest figures - 90 thousand // 2005 and 2012 - the lowest minutes (70 thousands minutes) // National and International calls made through fixed line and mobile calls, trend was upward // Mobile talk time- less than 5 thousand minutes (2005) // Mobile talk time- highest point (45 thousand minutes) - 2012 // Overall in terms of talk time, local fixed lines topped the charts but rate of growth in case of mobile talk time was maximum.

VOCABULARY: Elucidates: shows // approximately: nearly, about, almost // gradually: slowly, steadily // increased: rose // Subsequent: following

Diagram interpretation class IX

 Q. The flow chart shows how electricity is generated by a hydroelectric dam. 

Write a 150 words report for a university lecturer explaining how the process works.

The flow chart shows the process of generating electricity. The diagram reflects the entire structure of a hydroelectricity dam.

As it can be seen from the figure that a large dam is constructed and it is connected to a powerhouse. The dam forms a large reservoir across a river. Following this, water collected in the reservoir is sent out with force through a way made for admission or intake. It then flows into a narrow chamber called a penstock where the resulting high pressure moves a turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator in the powerhouse above where the movement of the turbine produces electricity. This electricity leaves the powerhouse through wires which carry it to far off places where it can be used. After the turbine stage, water goes out through another channel into a river.

Thus, it is good that this process is renewable and is totally dependent on natural forces.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Process of generating electricity // entire structure of a hydroelectricity dam // large dam is constructed and it is connected to a powerhouse // water collected in the reservoir is sent out with force // flows into a narrow chamber // electricity leaves the powerhouse through wires which // water goes through another channel into a river // process is renewable and is totally dependent on natural forces. 

VOCABULARY: Elucidates: shows// Reservoir: tank// Chamber: Compartment// Turbine: a kind of machine