How to Avoid being kidnapped.

 Q. You are concerned about the rise in kidnapping cases involving school children in Malaysia. Write an article for your school newsletter giving tips to your school mates on how to avoid being kidnapped.

Notes:
Do’s                                            
→ inform parents of where abouts
→ be alert of surrounding
→ remember important telephone numbers
Don’ts/Don’s
→ go anywhere alone
→ give out personal information
→ trust strangers

Stay Safe: Tips to Avoid Kidnapping
By: NOP

The recent surge in kidnapping cases involving school children in Malaysia has cast a shadow of fear over our community. As students, it is crucial to prioritize our safety and take proactive measures to protect ourselves. By following a few simple yet effective tips, we can significantly reduce the risk of falling victim to such unfortunate incidents.

Firstly, it is imperative to always inform our parents or guardians about our whereabouts. By keeping them updated, we ensure that they can take immediate action if necessary. Additionally, maintaining heightened awareness of our surroundings is vital. Paying attention to suspicious individuals or activities can help us identify potential threats and take appropriate precautions. Memorizing important telephone numbers, such as those of our parents and the local authorities, empowers us to seek help promptly in case of emergencies.   

Furthermore, it is advisable to avoid venturing out alone, especially in unfamiliar areas or during late hours. Travelling in groups not only provides a sense of security but also deters potential kidnappers. Sharing personal information with strangers can be a risky proposition. It is best to exercise caution and refrain from divulging details like our home address, phone number, or school name to individuals we do not know well. Finally, it is crucial to approach strangers with skepticism. Even if they appear friendly, it is wise to maintain a safe distance and avoid engaging in conversations that could compromise our safety.

By adhering to these simple guidelines, we can significantly enhance our safety and protect ourselves from potential harm. Remember, safety is a shared responsibility. By taking proactive measures and being vigilant, we can contribute to a safer environment for ourselves and our peers.

• Surge: sudden large increase in something 

• Cast a shadow: To cast means to throw, and shadow means a dark area produced by a body coming between rays of light and surface. Cast a shadow means that they create an influence or effect often negative or gloomy one, on a situation or other people.

• deters: to prevent someone from doing something

• proposition: plan of action 

• To exercise: means to practice or do something you don't do often or well.

• caution: care and attention

• refrain: to avoid doing or stop yourself from doing something बचना, रूकना

• divulging: divulge; to tell something that is secret.

• approach: to come near to somebody 

• skepticism: doubt, trustworthiness

Can Computers replace classroom teaching

 Q. Information technology has brought about a revolution in all fields. Computer aided education is fast becoming the order of the day. The market is flooded with educational CDs and online learning is a new phenomenon. Write an article on ‘Can Computers replace classroom teaching’, for your school magazine. 

I.
Can Computers replace classroom teaching
By: MNO

Technology plays a very dominant role in the society. It is spreading its tentacles in every field. Due to the advancement of technology, online education is proliferating in leaps and bounds.

Owing to the advancement in technology, classroom teaching can be replaced by computers. Easy accessibility is one the advantages avail by students. The students can attend their classes from any where across the globe through various online platforms such as zoom, google meet etc. Furthermore, There is a sufficient reduction in the paper work in computer aided learning and teaching, which discourage deforestation and consequently environment will be preserved.

Although replacing classroom teaching with Computers has innumerable benefits but its drawbacks cannot be overlooked. Firstly, sitting in front of computer for long hours can have detrimental effects on health. Spending more time stting in front of computer, have negative effect on their eyes and make them obese due to lack of physical activity.

It's high time to make changes in our education system. Instead of making whole education computer based, let's make a significant portion of education on computer and classroom teaching must also be given same weightage.

II.
Can Computers Replace Classroom Teaching?
By: NOP

Technology has become an integral part of our society, influencing every aspect of our lives. The rapid advancement of technology has led to the proliferation of online education.

While computer-aided learning offers many advantages, such as accessibility and reduced paper consumption, it cannot entirely replace traditional classroom teaching. Students can attend classes from anywhere in the world through online platforms like Zoom and Google Meet. However, prolonged screen time can have adverse health effects, including eye strain and obesity.

A balanced approach is essential. Integrating technology into education can enhance learning experiences. However, traditional classroom teaching remains crucial for fostering social skills, critical thinking, and hands-on learning. A judicious blend of both methods can provide the optimal learning environment for students.

Air pollution- a man-made catastrophe of the 21st Century.

 Q. The air quality in Delhi, the capital territory of India, according to a WHO survey of 1600 world cities, is the worst of any major city in the world. Air pollution in India is estimated to kill about 1.5 million people every year; it is the fifth largest killer in India. India has the world's highest death rate from chronic respiratory diseases and asthma, according to the WHO. Write an article in 150-200 words on “Air pollution- a man-made catastrophe of the 21st Century.” 

I.
Air Pollution- a man-made catastrophe of the 21st Century.
By:

As we all know that there are so many problems which we are facing around us. Air pollution is one of them. It has become a big issue to be discussed. The recent survey of 1600 cities has revealed that the air quality in the capital territory of India, Delhi is deteriorating with each passing day. It has been a great concern in recent years.

It is caused due to number of factors. One being the increasing number of vehicles on the roads. The smoke realease from vehicles is the major contributor in degrading our environment. With each passing, people are buying more and more vehicles or now each member in the family has their own personal vehicle, giving rise to pollution. Other factors include smoke from factories, burning of stabble by farmers etc.

The air pollution can have harmful effects on humans. This mainly includes the respiratory or breathing problems and asthma. This is the cause of severe cough and cold among people also. It also causes skin irritation, eye problems, etc. Animals, crops too affected by air pollution.

It is the need of the hour that some stringent steps should be taken to eradicate air pollution. Switching to electronic vehicles is a good move. Besides, afforestation should be promoted among public, implement odd even formula is also a good move in reducing pollution. Otherwise the whole earth will be suffer one day.

II. By: Neel
As we all know, there are numerous problems plaguing our world, and air pollution is one of the most pressing. It has become a major concern, particularly in regions like Delhi, India, where air quality is deteriorating rapidly.

Several factors contribute to this issue. One primary cause is the increasing number of vehicles on the roads. The emissions from these vehicles significantly degrade our environment. As more people own personal vehicles, the pollution levels escalate. Other contributing factors include industrial emissions, agricultural practices like stubble burning, and the burning of garbage.

Air pollution poses serious health risks to humans, animals, and crops. In humans, it primarily affects the respiratory system, leading to conditions like asthma, severe coughs, and colds. It can also cause skin irritation, eye problems, and other health issues.

To combat this crisis, immediate and stringent measures are necessary. Promoting the adoption of electric vehicles is a crucial step. Additionally, encouraging afforestation and implementing strategies like odd-even traffic regulations can help reduce pollution levels. If we fail to take decisive action, the entire planet will suffer the consequences.

• Catastrophe: disaster that cause great damage or suffering.
• plaguing: to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time.
• pressing: that must be dealt with immediately; urgent, requiring quick or immediate action or attention.
• decisive: making something certain or final, true or real.

III.
Air pollution has become a major concern in the 21st century, especially in developing countries like India. The air quality in Delhi, the capital of India, has been ranked as the worst in the world by the World Health Organization (WHO). This is a grave situation that demands immediate attention and action from the government and citizens alike.

Air pollution is caused by the presence of harmful substances in the air, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. These substances are released into the air by various human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, industrial processes, and transportation. In India, the main sources of air pollution are vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, and the burning of crop stubble.

The effects of air pollution on human health are alarming. According to the WHO, air pollution is responsible for 1.5 million deaths in India every year, making it the fifth largest killer in the country. It has been linked to various respiratory diseases, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, and lung cancer. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution.

Apart from its impact on human health, air pollution also has a detrimental effect on the environment. It contributes to climate change and damages crops and vegetation. This, in turn, affects the food supply and the overall well-being of the population. The government has taken some steps to tackle air pollution, such as implementing the National Clean Air Program and promoting the use of electric vehicles. However, these efforts are not enough, and more needs to be done to improve the air quality in India. Citizens also have a crucial role to play in reducing air pollution. We must all take responsibility for our actions and make conscious efforts to reduce our carbon footprint.

In conclusion, air pollution is a man-made catastrophe that requires urgent attention. It is not just a problem for the present generation, but it will also have a significant impact on the future generations if not addressed promptly. It is time for all of us to come together and take concrete steps to combat air pollution and make our air cleaner and healthier for all. Let us make a conscious effort to reduce our carbon footprint and contribute towards a cleaner and greener tomorrow.  

IV. THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH.

Air pollution is a prevalent issue that has detrimental effects on human health. This essay will explore the multiple causes and consequences of air pollution, highlighting the interconnectedness between environmental factors and public well-being.

 The primary cause of air pollution is industrial emissions. Factories and power plants release harmful pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, into the atmosphere. These pollutants contribute to the formation of smog, which can be inhaled by individuals, leading to respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer. Furthermore, vehicular emissions also contribute significantly to air pollution, particularly in urban areas with heavy traffic congestion.

The effects of air pollution on human health are alarming. Prolonged exposure to polluted air can cause respiratory diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Studies have also linked air pollution to an increased risk of  cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks and strokes. Additionally, children and the elderly are more susceptible to the harmful effects of air pollution, as their immune systems are less robust.

Moreover, air pollution has broader societal consequences. It contributes to the degradation of ecosystems, reduces crop yields, and harms biodiversity. It also poses economic burdens by increasing healthcare costs and decreasing productivity due to illnesses and absenteeism.

In conclusion, air pollution has far-reaching effects on human health and the environment. The causes, including industrial emissions and vehicular pollution, directly impact the quality of the air we breathe. The consequences, such as respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems, highlight the urgent need for measures to mitigate and control air pollution. Efforts to reduce emissions, promote cleaner technologies, and raise public awareness are crucial steps toward safeguarding human health and preserving the environment for future generations.

Lives lost in road accidents

 Q. Many road accidents culminates (ends) in deaths, due to non-availability of swift medical care. Reluctance (unwillingness, अनिच्‍छा) of the public to react practically to such situations could be counted as a valid reason. Draft an article pondering on other flaws that lead to this state and possible measures to better the prevailing condition. You are Raj/Rajni Sanya, Sub-Editor to the fortnightly magazine, The Citizen.

I.
Curbing the Carnage: Addressing the Urgent Issue of Road Accidents
By: PQR

In our rapidly urbanizing world, the number of vehicles on the road is steadily increasing. With each household owning multiple vehicles, the risk of road accidents has become a pressing concern. The alarming rate of fatalities caused by these accidents demands immediate attention and collective action.

One of the primary reasons for this crisis is the public's apathy towards road accident victims. Instead of offering assistance, many people are content with merely observing the scene or shooting with mobile cameras, often hindering rescue efforts. This lack of empathy and inaction can have dire consequences for the injured.

Another significant factor contributing to road accidents is the growing impatience and recklessness among drivers. The constant rush to reach destinations, often disregarding traffic rules and regulations, has resulted in numerous accidents. Furthermore, the delayed arrival of medical assistance, due to various factors such as traffic congestion and inadequate emergency services, exacerbates the situation.

To mitigate this growing problem, we must foster a culture of empathy and responsibility. By actively helping accident victims and ensuring timely medical attention, we can save countless lives. Each individual has the power to make a difference by taking prompt action and reporting accidents to the authorities.

It is imperative that we prioritize road safety and implement stricter regulations to deter reckless driving. Additionally, investing in robust infrastructure and efficient emergency services can significantly reduce the severity of accidents and improve response times.

Let us work together to create a safer road environment for everyone. By adopting a proactive approach and demonstrating compassion, we can curb the carnage on our roads and build a future free from the tragic consequences of road accidents.

Vocabulary:–
Carnage: the violent killing of a large number of people.
Steadily: regular and even (equal) manner
Fatalities: deaths cause by accidents.
Apathy: lack of interest
Empathy: ability to understand and share the feelings of another
Inaction: lack of action
Dire: terrible, dreadful, very bad or serious
exacerbates: to make something worse specially disease or problem; बिगाड़ देना
Robust: strong
Severity: condition of something being extremely bad or serious.
Proactive: taking actions in advance to prevent issues
approach: viewpoint, angle नजरिया

tragic: that makes you very sad, especially because it involves death

II.
Road accidents are a major cause of concern in our country, not just because of the damage they cause to vehicles and roads, but also because of the precious lives they claim. According to a report by the World Health Organization, India accounts for nearly 11% of road accident deaths globally, making it the highest among all countries. What is even more alarming is the fact that a large number of these fatalities could have been avoided if timely medical care had been provided.

One of the major flaws that contribute to this unfortunate situation is the reluctance of the public to react practically in such situations. It is a common sight to see people gathering around an accident site, but instead of helping the victims, they choose to take pictures and videos on their phones. This not only reflects the insensitivity of people but also delays the arrival of medical aid. In many cases, people are also hesitant to take the injured to a hospital, fearing legal complications and police involvement.

Another factor that adds to the problem is the lack of awareness and training among the public on how to provide basic first aid in case of an accident. Many people do not know how to administer CPR or stop bleeding, which could make a huge difference in saving a life. This lack of knowledge and preparedness often leads to panic and confusion, resulting in further delay in medical assistance. Moreover, the inadequate number of ambulances and trained paramedics in our country also adds to the problem. In many cases, ambulances take a long time to reach the accident site, and in some remote areas, they are not available at all. This delay in reaching the hospital can prove to be fatal, especially in cases where the victims have suffered severe injuries.

To improve the prevailing condition, it is imperative that we address these flaws and take necessary measures. First and foremost, there is a need to create awareness among the general public on the importance of providing timely medical care to accident victims. Government and non-government organizations can conduct training programs to educate people on basic first aid techniques. Schools and colleges can also include first aid training in their curriculum to equip the younger generation with life-saving skills. Secondly, there is an urgent need for the government to invest in improving the emergency medical services in the country. This includes increasing the number of ambulances and trained paramedics, especially in remote areas. The government can also consider implementing a system of rewards and incentives for individuals or organizations that provide timely medical assistance to accident victims.

In conclusion, it is high time that we, as a society, take responsibility for our actions and do our part in improving the state of road accidents in our country. It is not just the responsibility of the government or medical professionals but also of every citizen to ensure that timely medical care is provided to accident victims. Let us pledge to be more sensitive, aware, and prepared to save lives in the face of a road accident. After all, a life saved is a life gained.

III. "Road Accidents: A Call for Active Citizen Response"
By:

Road accidents have become a major concern in today's fast-paced world. With the growing number of vehicles on the road, the risk of accidents has also increased. According to a report by the World Health Organization, road accidents claim around 1.35 million lives every year globally, making it the leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-29 years.

While there are various factors that contribute to road accidents, one of the major reasons for the high number of fatalities is the lack of swift medical care. It is a common sight to see people passing by an accident scene without lending a helping hand. The reluctance of the public to react practically to such situations is a major flaw that leads to the loss of precious lives. People are often hesitant to get involved in the fear of legal hassles, lack of knowledge on how to provide first aid, or simply assuming someone else will take care of the situation. Moreover, the infrastructure for emergency medical care is also inadequate in many places. The availability of ambulances and trained medical personnel at the accident site is crucial in saving lives. However, in many cases, the ambulance takes too long to reach the spot due to traffic congestion or lack of proper routes. This delay in medical help can prove fatal for the victims.

Apart from the lack of public response and inadequate infrastructure, there are other flaws that contribute to the high number of deaths in road accidents. One of them is the lack of awareness and education among people about road safety. Many people are not aware of basic traffic rules and regulations, which often leads to reckless driving and accidents. Moreover, the absence of strict enforcement of traffic laws also adds to the problem.

To better the prevailing condition, it is imperative that we, as responsible citizens, take active steps towards road safety. Firstly, it is crucial to educate ourselves and others about traffic rules and road safety measures. This can be done through awareness campaigns, workshops, and seminars. The government must also focus on improving the infrastructure for emergency medical care, including the availability of ambulances and trained medical personnel. In addition, it is essential to encourage and incentivize citizens to provide first aid in case of accidents. This can be done by offering rewards or recognition to those who have actively helped in saving lives during road accidents. The government must also ensure strict enforcement of traffic laws and impose penalties for violations to deter reckless driving.

In conclusion, road accidents are a pressing issue that demands immediate attention. It is our responsibility as citizens to actively respond to such situations and take measures to prevent them. We must educate ourselves and others about road safety measures, and the government must improve the infrastructure for emergency medical care. By working together, we can make our roads safer and save countless lives.

Climate Change

 Q. The untimely rains, flash floods, deluge, severe draughts, are all signalling a bleak future to the planet. As a responsible citizen you are really concerned about the visible proof of climatic change. Write an article to be published in a leading daily in about 150 words discussing the issue and suggesting solutions. Use the given cues with your own ideas to compose this article.  Also give your article a suitable title/heading.

The Issue
⁃ Impact of human activities like deforestation, burning of fossil fuel
⁃ global warming at alarming condition resulting in climatic changes
⁃ catastrophies - affecting all areas of life -food production, global economies

Solutions
⁃ Be responsible and respectful towards environment
⁃ reduce carbon emission  

I. Climate Change
By: PQR

The devastating consequences of climate change, including extreme weather events like unseasonal rains and droughts, are casting a bleak shadow over our planet’s future. These unprecedented challenges demand immediate and concerted action from both individuals and governments.

Human activities, such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels, are the primary drivers of climate change. As we continue to encroach upon nature to build cities and industries, we accelerate the rise in global temperatures.

Climate change is a multifaceted issue with far-reaching implications for our economy, affecting sectors like food production and economic decision-making.

It is imperative (very important or urgent) that we act now to protect our planet. By taking responsibility for our environmental impact and reducing carbon emissions, we can mitigate the worst effects of climate change and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.

II. Climate Change: Time For Action
By: Alisha 

Climate change has become an undeniable reality that is staring us in the face with each passing day. The untimely rains, flash floods, deluge, and severe draughts are all evidence of the drastic changes that our planet is undergoing.

It is high time that we wake up and take responsibility for our actions before it's too late. The root cause of this issue lies in human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels, resulting in global warming. The consequences are catastrophic, affecting all areas of life – from food production to global economies. It is clear that we need to take immediate action to mitigate the effects of climate change.

As responsible citizens, it is our duty to be respectful towards the environment. We must reduce our carbon emissions by opting for sustainable modes of transportation and promoting the use of renewable energy sources. Governments must also play their part by implementing strict laws on deforestation and promoting sustainable practices. But the most crucial step towards combating climate change is education and spreading awareness. It is essential that we educate ourselves and others about the consequences of our actions and how we can make a positive impact on the environment. Individual actions may seem small, but when combined, they can make a significant difference. We must all come together and take action to protect our planet for future generations. It is time for us to step up and make a change before it's too late.

In conclusion, the time to act is now. Let us all work towards a greener and sustainable future and be remembered as the generation that took action to save our planet. Remember, we do not inherit (to receive from person at his death) the earth from our ancestors (a person related to you who lived a long time ago) ; we borrow it from our children. 

India of my dreams speech

 Q. Your school is organising a declamation contest on the topic ‘India of My Dreams’ Taking ideas from the hints given below, together with your own ideas, draft a speech in about 120 words,

‣ What problems the country is facng right now (over-population, poverty, corruption, pollution, poor health, unemployment, threat to its unity)
‣ What kind of a country you would like to be (a super power, self-dependent, rich, healthy, strong & unied, clean & beautiful
‣ How you think India can transtorm into that country (through govemament policies, efforts by NGO and indiriduals and responsible behaviour by citizens) 

I.
Honorable Principal, esteemed teachers, and my dear friends,
Good morning to all. Today, I stand before you to speak on the topic “India of My Dreams.”

India, the world’s largest democracy, is still categorized as a developing country. While advancements in science and technology have been significant, our nation continues to grapple with numerous challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, corruption, crime, overpopulation, pollution, unemployment, and terrorism.

I envision India as a fully developed nation, comparable to Japan or Russia. A country with robust infrastructure, excellent educational and healthcare facilities, and a strong military. I dream of an India that is rich, self-reliant, healthy, united, clean, and beautiful.

Moreover, I aspire for India to become a global superpower, actively participating in missions like lunar and Martian exploration. I imagine a nation where everyone is prosperous and enjoys a luxurious lifestyle, where citizens are healthy and free from diseases, and where cleanliness is a top priority.

In conclusion, I believe that India can transform into the dream country I envision through the collective efforts of the government and its citizens.

I hope my words have generated love for the nation in your heart.

Thank you. 

Vocabulary:
Grapple: fight, especially in order to win something.
Envision: imagine as a future possibility, visualize
Robust: strong
Infrastructure: basic systems and services that are necessary for a country. For example- buildings, transport, water and power supplies.
Aspire: hope to achieve something
Martian: a creature that comes from the planet Mars

II.
Respected Principal, Teachers, and my dear fellow students, Today, I stand before you to share my thoughts on the topic ‘India of My Dreams’.

As we all know, our country is facing numerous challenges such as over-population, poverty, corruption, pollution, poor health, unemployment, and threat to its unity. These issues have been hindering our progress and development as a nation.

But, as a youth of this country, I believe in the power of dreams and determination. I envision India as a superpower, self-dependent, rich, healthy, strong, and united. A nation where every citizen has access to education, healthcare, and basic amenities. A country that is free from discrimination, poverty, and illiteracy. In my dream India, our economy will thrive, and there will be no need for our citizens to seek employment in other countries. We will be self-sufficient and self-reliant in all aspects. Our nation will be a global leader in various fields such as technology, science, and innovation.

But, to turn this dream into reality, we need to take action. Each one of us has a crucial role to play in making India of our dreams. We must start by being responsible citizens and contributing to the betterment of our society. We should educate ourselves and others around us about the importance of preserving our environment, respecting diversity, and eradicating social evils such as corruption. We must also raise our voices against injustice and work towards creating a more inclusive and equal society. Together, we can bring about the change we want to see in our country.

In conclusion, I urge everyone to dream big and work towards making our dream India a reality. Let us all join hands and strive towards building a nation that we can be proud of. As the future of this country, it is our responsibility to shape the India of our dreams.

Thank you. 

The Constitution is the Pride of India and the Power of Every Indian.

 Q. The Constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity. It is the longest written constitution of any country in the world. The Government of India declared 26th November as the Constitution Day. Draft a speech on the topic: “The Constitution is the Pride of India and the Power of Every Indian.”   

Honorable Principal, Worthy teachers, and dear friends,

Today, on the occasion of Constitution Day, I stand before you to discuss the profound significance of the Constitution as the pride of India and the power of every Indian.

Our Constitution was framed on January 26, 1950, by a team of 7 visionary Indians led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. There has been more than 100 amendments in it since then, therefore it can be called a living document that is growing with the needs of growing country. This supreme law defines the framework of our government, outlines the rights and duties of citizens, and establishes India as a sovereign, socialist,  and democratic republic. The word 'secular' was added in 1976 as 46th amendment by Mr. Nehru -the then PM.  

The Constitution serves as a bulwark against social evils like discrimination, child labour, and child marriage, ensuring equal opportunities for all Indians. It guarantees justice, equality, and liberty to its citizens, regardless of their caste, gender, or creed. Every Indian, irrespective of their background, enjoys the same position under the law.

Moreover, the Constitution empowers citizens by granting them fundamental rights such as the right to freedom, the right to equality, the right against exploitation, and the right to freedom of religion. These rights instill a sense of power and agency among Indians.

As the longest constitution in the world, it provides a comprehensive guide for governance and ensures justice for all. It empowers citizens to become responsible and informed individuals. Judges and lawyers base their decisions on the principles enshrined in the Constitution.

Therefore, as citizens of India, it is our moral duty to uphold the values and principles enshrined in the Constitution. Children should be educated about their constitutional rights to protect themselves from exploitation and advocate for their well-being. The Constitution serves as a moral compass, guiding citizens towards a just and equitable society.

In conclusion, the Constitution is more than just a document; it is a testament to our nation’s commitment to democracy, equality, and justice. It empowers us as individuals and as a collective, making India a proud and vibrant nation.

Thank you.  

• Constitution: a body of principles according to which a state or country is governed.

• profound: very great, showing great knowledge or insight, demanding deep study or thought. 

• pride: self respect 

• visionary: a person with imaginative and original ideas about the future. 

• framework: supporting structure 

• bulwark: a person or a thing that acts as a defence (protection). 

• testament: evidence or proof

• justice: behaviour or treatment that is right and fair (equal). 

• vibrant: bright, colourful