English

Friday, 14 August 2020

The importance of Adult Education.

Q. You are Rohan. Write an article on "The importance of Adult Education" for your school magazine.

A. THE IMPORTANCE OF ADULT EDUCATION

Rohan

Our India is still a developing country and one of the major obstacles on our path of development is illiteracy among our masses. One rarely efficient way to deal with this would be to spread adult education. Lack of proper education in the Indian society is the reason of almost all the social evils of our country. Knowledge brings everyone in a light whereas illiteracy takes people towards darkness. Every corner of a country should get enlightened with the lamp of education and this should comprise of those adults who in their childhood had not been privileged enough to get education. The adults need to be well informed and aware, only then they will work hard to get their children educated. A lot depends on the literacy level of our citizens. Government has taken many steps to promote and spread adult education. Camps, special classes, vocational classes have been started for them. Still there is a lot left to be done, and by coming together we will very soon achieve this goal.

Q. After having read the story, you realised the anguish of illiterate adults, you want to make your friends aware of it and contribute something in bringing about a change in the lives of illiterate adults. Deliver a speech in the morning assembly of your school about importance of adult education and ways to implement it.

Q. You are Sarita/Sourabh. Your school organised an adult literacy camp. Many people benefitted from it. You realised the importance of educating the adults. Write an article on 'Importance of Adult Education' for your school magazine in 100-150 words. (CBSE CLASS 10TH 2020)

Tuesday, 14 July 2020

Uses of 'For' and 'Since'.

Mainly, For and Since are used with the present perfect and the present perfect contiuous Tense. They are used as follow:

For: For is used with a period of time upto now. It is used to indicate the time of the beginning or the duration of the action. It is used before indefinite/uncertain period of time.

'for' is used before-

Rule (1) : Numeral Adjective + minutes

for e.g. (a) For thirty minutes

(b) For many minutes

Rule (2) : Numeral Adjective + hours

for e.g. (a) For two hours

(b) For many hours

Rule (3) : Numeral Adjective + days

for e.g. (a) For five days

(b) For many days

Rule (4) : Numeral Adjective + weeks

for e.g. (a) For two weeks

(b) For many weeks

Rule (5) : Numeral Adjective + months

for e.g. (a) For three months

(b) For many months

Rule (6) : Numeral Adjective + years

for e.g. (a) For five years

(b) For many years

Rule (7) : Numeral Adjective + decades

for e.g. (a) For three decades

(b) For many decades

Rule (8) : Numeral Adjective + Centuries

for e.g. (a) For two centuries

(b) For many centuries

Rule (9) : A + minute

for e.g. For a minute

Rule (10) : An + hour

for e.g. For an hour

Rule (11) : A + day

for e.g. For a day

Rule (12) : A + week

for e.g. For a week

Rule (13) : A + month

for e.g. For a month

Rule (14) : A + year

for e.g. For a year

Rule (15) : A + decade

for e.g. For a decade

Rule (16) : A + century

for e.g. For a century

Rule (17) : A long period/ a long time/ ever/ a while/ a moment/ an era

for e.g For a long time

For a while

For a long time

For a moment

For ever

Rule (18) : The last/Past + Numeral Adjective + minute(s)/ hour(s)/ day(s)/ week(s)/ month(s)/ year(s)/ decade(s)/ century/centuries.

for e.g. For the last five hours

For the past four days

For the last six years

For the past six years

Rule (19) : seasons

for e.g. For two seasons

Rule (20) : Minutes/hours/days/weeks/months/years/decades/centuries

for e.g. For hours

For years

For months

For weeks

Note: (i) Since is not used before Period of time + ago but for is used.

for e.g. (a) His brother has been ill for five days.

(b) His brother has been ill since five days ago.

(ii) For is not used with all + period of time

for e.g. (a) It has been raining all day.

(iii) For is used in sense of तक/ के िलए in Tenses.

for e.g. (a) Binay waited for me for three hours.

(b) She goes there for two hours every day.

Since: Since is used with some point of time in the past. It means from that point of time to the point of speaking. Since is used before:

Rule (1) : name of the days

For e.g. Since Monday

Since Tuesday

Rule (2) : name of the months

For e.g. Since January

Since February

Rule (3) : name of the years

For e.g. Since 1980

Since 1990

Rule (4) : name of the parts of the day

For e.g. Since Morning

Since noon

Since daybreak

Since dawn

Since afternoon

Since evening

Since night

Since midnight

Since sunrise

Since sunset

Since dusk

Since twilight

Rule (5) : O'clock/a.m./p.m.

For e.g. Since 5O'clock

Since 6 a.m.

Since 7 p.m.

Since 6:30 a.m.

Rule (6) : yesterday/ last night/ last week/ last month/ last year

For e.g. Since yesterday

Since last night

Since last month

Since last year

Rule (7) : name of seasons

For e.g. Since Spring

Since winter

Since Autumn

Since summer

Rule (8) : name of festivals

For e.g. Since Diwali

Since Id

Since Christmas

Rule (9) : name of events

For e.g. Since arrival

Since his departure

Since his birth

Since his marriage

Since his death

Since their quarrel

Rule (10) : Stage of one's life

For e.g. Since his childhood

Since your youth

Rule (11) : last+monday/tuesday.........etc., January/february.....etc., Spring/winter.......etc. or other time expressing words

For e.g. Since last monday

Since monday last

Since last march

Since march last

Since last spring

Since spring last

Since last midnight

Since midnight last

Note: For is used before The last+ Time expressing words because it shows a period of time not a point of time.

For e.g. (a) Since last week means A point of time about seven days ago.

(b) For the last week means the period of seven days just completed.

Wednesday, 24 June 2020

Tenses

What is tense ?
Tense is the form of the verb which shows the time and the state or a manner of an action or event.
Tense is a grammar term which tells us whether a verb, sentence or an action is in present, past or future. It shows the time at which an action is completed.

Difference between time and tense :Time and Tense are connected to each other but there are some differences between them.

Time is not a grammatical term but Tense is a grammatical term.
Time is universal (applicable everywhere) but tense is not.
Time gives knowledge or information about days, months, years but tense do not.

Kinds/types of tenses: Broadly there are three types of tenses:

1. Present tense: An action which is to be done at the present time. For examples:- 1. I read a book.

2. I am reading a book.

3. I have read (red) a book.

4. I have been reading a book for an hour. 2. Past tense: An action which is done at the past time.

For examples: 1. I wrote a letter.

2. I was writing a letter.

3. I had written a letter.

4. I had been writing a. letter for two days 3. Future tense: An action which is to be done in the future time or in. near future.
For examples: 1. I shall write a letter.
2. I shall be writing a letter.
3. I shall have written a letter.
4. I shall have been writing a letter.

And further each tense/ type is classified/ divided into four, 4 sub parts:
1. Simple / indefinite
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect continuous.

Present Tense
A. Simple present / present indefinite Tense.
(ता है, ती है, ते है, ता हूँ, ती हूँ)

Rule:- (a) Assertive or positive sentence :
i) Subject + V1 + object (If subject is
plural)
ii) Subject + V1 + s/es + object (If subject is singular)
or s/es is added to third person singular (He, she, it, Any name)
Singular. Plural
Ist Person. I. We
IInd person. You. You
IIIrd person. He/ She/ It. They

Examples :
1. I live in Chandigarh.
2. We work eight hours a day.
3. You are quite innocent.
4. He takes tea without sugar.
5. She reads a newspaper daily.
6. It rains everyday in Assam.
7. They / I go to cinema every sunday.
8. Mohit drinks milk everyday before going to bed.
9. I sleep peacefully.
10. He/she/it sleeps peacefully.

(b) Negative Sentences :
Rule: Subject+do/does not +V1 + object
Do is used with plural subject and with 'I' and 'you' which is an exception.
Does is used with singular subject Third person (he,she,it,Any name)
Examples: 1. I do not go for a walk everyday.
2. You do not work hard.
3. My friends do not help me.
4. He does not tell a lie.
5. She doesnot like coffee.
6. It doesnot rain in january.
7. They do not go to school.
8. We do not know them.
9. I do not sleep peacefully.
10. He/She/it does not sleep peacefully.

(c) Interrogative Sentences :
Rule: Do/Does + subject+V1+object ?
Examples: 1. Does he play football ?
2. Do they always speak the. truth ?
3. When do you do you homework ?
4. Do I sleep late on saturdays ?
5. Does your mother tell you stories ?
6. Does he eats eggs ?
7. Why does he weeps ?
8. Do I sleep peacefully ?
9. Does he/she/it sleep . peacefully ?
10. Do you polish your shoes daily ?

11. Why does the boy laugh so loudly ?

(d) Interrogative Negative :
Rule: Do/Does not + subject + V1 ?
Examples: 1. Do you not like this book?
2. Does the peon not ring the. bell?
3. Does good citizens (they) not. obey the laws of the country ?
4. Do I not sleep pecefully ?
5. Does he/she/it not sleep. peacefully ?
6. Don't you like this new film ?

7. Does she not/ Doesn't she help the poor with money
Uses of Simple present or present indefinite tense :

1. To Express or To show or To describe a habitual action(s): The simple present tense is used when we talk about something which happens regularly or when we talk about an action, which is repeated or a habit. This is the main use of this tense.
e.g. 1. I go to the temple everyday.
2. He drinks tea in the morning / every morning.
3. He smokes.
4. I always take my tea without sugar.
5. We buy new clothes every monday .
6. I take medicine on time.
7. We visit the dentist once a week.
8. He always move according to a fixed schedule.
9. I go for a walk every morning.
10. We wear warm clothes in winter.
11. My grandmother gives useful advice.

**The following adverbs or adverbial phrases are often used in this tense:
Usually, generally, occasionally, rarely, always, often, sometimes, never, ever, on sundays, once a week/ month/year etc.

2. To Express general or universal truths, principles and permanent activities
e.g. 1. The Sun rises in the east.
2. Two and Two makes four.
3. Water boils at 100°C.
4. Man is mortal.
5. The Earth moves around the Sun.
6. Water freezes at 0°C.
7. The sun sets in the west.

3. To Express the fact or something which is true at present.
e.g. 1. She teaches English in a school.
2. All trains stop at this station
3. Express train do not stop here.
OR
To express what is happening at the present moment.
e.g. It rains everyday in summer season.

4. To express an action which must be happen in future.
OR
To express future actions/events which is planned in advance especially concerning a journey or a fixed programme or a plan.
e.g. 1. The train leaves at six in the morning.
2. School close in may for summer vacation and reopen in july.
3. The match starts at 4 p.m.

5. To introduce quotations with the verb. 'say' or to express author's statement.
e.g. 1. Keats says,"A thing of beauty is a. joy for ever."
2. The Notice says,"No Parking."

6. In running commentaries on sporting events/ on matches.
e.g. 1) Ajit passes the ball to mohinder . who kicks it past the goalkeeper.
2) Manohar hits the ball to Ajit. Ajit kicks it back to sohan and sohan misses it.

7. In exclamatory sentences beginning with 'here' and 'there'.
e.g. There goes the bell!
Here comes the train!

8. In time clauses and conditional clauses in place of future tense.
e.g. If you work hard, you will/often. succeed.
We will wait until she comes back.

9. In newspaper headlines reporting very recent events.
e.g. PAKISTAN LOSES 1-3 TO INDIA IN HOCKEY FINALS.
OR
In news headings stating current reports.
e.g. PM arrives in Jammu for Election Rally.

10. For thoughts and feelings.
e.g. I like your dress. It's beautiful.
I admit I was wrong.

11. To state the facts and thing which is true for long time.
e.g. George is a lawyer.
Ram has two sisters.

12. To express possession (अधिकार)
e.g. This pen belongs to me.
He owns a big building.

13. To express mental activity, emotions and feelings .
e.g. We believe in god.
I know that you cannot do this.
She trusts in him.

B. Present Continuous/ Present Progressive/ Present Imperfect Tense (रहा हूँ, रहा है, रही है, रहे हो, रहे हैं)

Rule: (a) Assertive or Positive Sentences :
Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing

'is' is placed/used if the subject is IIIrd person singular.
'am' is placed/used if the subject is Ist person singular.
'are' is placed/used if the subject is either of the remaining person and number.

e.g. 1. He/She/It is playing cricket.
2. I am playing cricket.
3. We/They are playing cricket.

(b) Negative Sentences:
is/am/are + not + V1 + ing
e.g. 1. He/She/It is not playing cricket.
2. I am not playing cricket.
3. We/They are not playing cricket.

(c) Interrogative Sentences :
is/am/are + subject + V1 + ing
e.g. 1. Is Rekha sitting in the room ?
2. Are you coming here tomorrow ?
3. What are you doing ?
4. Where are they going ?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences :
is/am/are + not + subject+ V1+ing ?
e.g. 1. Is he not abusing his servant ?
2. Are they not flying kites ?
3. Where are they going ?

Uses of Present Continuous Tenses :

1. To express an action (happening now) which is happening at or around the moment/ time of speaking. To describe the continuity of an action going on at the moment of speaking.
e.g. i) I am reading a book.
ii) She is preparing breakfast for her. children.
iii) Kanta is sitting on the front bench.
iv) You are speaking very fast.
v) Why is he abusing her ?

vi) My parents are leaving now.

vii) Look! The principal is coming.

viii) You are speaking too fast, I can't follow you.

2. To express an action/activity in progress (this time) but not necessarily at the time of speaking.
e.g. i) They are building a new house.
ii) He is working as a senior manager. in the bank.
iii) I am working On an assignment these days.

3. To express a definite arrangement/plan/action in/for the near future. (The time of action must be mentioned in this case) To express an action definitely planned for the near future.
e.g. i) I am going to london next week.
ii) My cousins are coming to stay with. us next week.
iii) My father is arriving tomorrow.

4. To express an action which begins before given time and continues after it.
e.g. At 8 a.m. I am having my breakfast.

5. To express some undesirable habit/pratice. OR To express an action that has become a habit but is annoying/unpleasant to others.
e.g. i) He is always wasting his time in. gossips.
ii) He is always complaining about his luck.
iii) He is always criticizing (finding. faults) people unnecessarily.
iv) She is always backbiting.

6. To express a temporary situation.
e.g. i) Mother is cooking food now.
ii) We are enjoying the party.

* The following verbs are normally not used in continuous tense:
1. Verbs of senses: see, hear, smell, notice, recognise.

2. Verbs of emotions: want, desire, love, hate, wish, forgive, like, dislike, respect, refuse, prefer.

3. Verbs of thinking: think, feel, know, mean, realize, understand, suppose, believe, forget, remember, expect.

4. Verbs expressing possession (belonging): have, own, belong, possess

5. Verbs like: seem, look, appear, contain, consist, keep etc.

But some of them may be used in continuous tense with changed meaning.
1. I am seeing the manager tomorrow. (seeing=meeting)

2. The judge is hearing the case tomorrow.
(hearing= case की सुनवाई, conducting the trial)

3. The Headmaster is seeing the students in the afternoon. (seeing=meeting)

C. Present Perfect tense (चुका है, चुकी है, चुके है)

Rule: (a) Affirmative Sentences : Subject + has/have + V3

Has is used with singular number or subjects. He/she/it has.
Have is used with plural number or subjects. I/You/we/They have.

e.g. 1. I/we/you/they/ plural have played. football.
2. He/she/it/ singular has played. football.

(b) Negative Sentences:
Subject+has/have+not+V3
e.g. 1. I/we/you/they/plural have not played cricket.
2. He/she/it has not played cricket.

(c) Interrogative Sentences:
Has/have+Subject+V3+.....?
e.g. 1. Have I played cricket ?
2. Has she taken her lunch ?
3. Have you lost you purse ?

4. Has he won the first prize ?

5. Have they scored the winning goal ?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences:
Has/have+Subject+not+V3+?
e.g. 1. Have boys not played cricket ?
2. Has Ravi not come to school ?
3. Have you not seen the Taj Mahal ?

4. Has Raman not met the Principal ?

5. Have they not written a letter to the editor ?

Uses of Present Perfect tense:

1. To express a recently completed action. (often with 'just'). OR To express the completion of an action in the immediate past. OR To express an action that has been recently completed. OR To denote the completion of an action.
e.g. i) I have just finished/completed my. work/homework.
ii) He has gone to Mumbai to attend. the marriage of his cousin.
iii) She has just left the room.
iv) He has already met me.
v) The train has just arrived.

vi) I have written two letters so far.

vii) Have you finished your meals?

2. To express past actions (when time is not given and not definite.) without any specific time. OR To describe an action which has just occured, but the time is not given.
e.g. i) I have read(red) the poem but I. don't understand it.
ii) I have never seen her angry.

iii) We have invited all my relatives and friends.

3. To express an action that began in the. past and continues up to the present moment. (using for/since)
e.g. i) I have lived here for ten years. (I. am still here)
ii) He has always helped us. (He still. help us)
iii) I have worked here for six years. (I'm still working)

iv) Raman has smoked five cigarettes since morning.

4. To express past actions or events, the. result of which still persist.
e.g. i) He has had a bad dream. (Perhaps he is afraid)

*This tense denotes the completion of an action. It reveals(shows/tells) the present state of a completed action.

**The following adverbials are generally used in this tense:
Just, never, ever, so far, till now, lately, recently, already, yet, before, today, this week/ month/ year, etc.
e.g. i) I've just finished watching the India Pakistan match.
ii) Have you ever tasted grilled fish?
iii) I have not yet seen Mother come down from her room.
iv) I have already learnt many things in lockdown.
v) I have never met you before.

D. Present Perfect Continuous (से रहा हूँ, से रही है, से रहे है, + time)

Rule: (a) Affirmative Sentences:
S+ Has/Have+been+V1+ing+since/for + time
e.g. i) I have been waiting for you for many hours.
ii) He has been suffering from fever since Monday.
iii) It has been raining hard for three days.
iv) They have been playing cricket since morning.

v) He has been reading for an hour.

(b) Negative Sentences:
S+Has/Have+not+been+V1+ing+since/
for+time
e.g. i) They have not been talking for five hours.
ii) Sunita has not been doing anything since morning.

(c) Interrogative Sentences:
Has/Have+subject+been+V1+ing+since/
for+time.
e.g. i) Have the birds been chirping since. morning ?
ii) Has he been swimming for three. hours ?

iii) Have you been waiting since 10a.m.?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences:
Has/Have+subject+not+been+V1+ing+
since/for+time?
e.g. i) Has he not been reading for two. hours ?
ii) Has he not been living here since. 1980 ?

Uses of Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

1. To express an action which began sometime in past and still continuing (continues)/ is still in progress.
e.g. 1. It has been raining since 6 a.m.(for two hours)
2. They (The Children) have been. playing for(the last) two hours.
3. I have been waiting for him for an. hour and he still hasn't come.
4. How long have you been watching. T.V ?

2. To express an action which is already finished, but whose result still persits. OR Action which has already finished but its effect continues. OR. To express an action which began in the past and has been just completed, but whose result is still present.

e.g. 1. He is shivering because he has been bathing for an hour.
2. The boys have been running around the town all day and are now resting.
3. They are panting(हाँफ रहे है)(breath quickly)/ thirsty because they are digging for an hour.
4. My clothes are dirty because I have been washing my car.

5. I have been cleaning my room since morning and I am very tired now.

3. To express an action in a sentence which begins with 'For long' or 'since when'.

e.g. i) Since when you have been waiting for me ?

ii) For how long has he been suffering from asthma?

iii) Since when have you been reading this chapter ?

Present perfect & present perfect continuous tense
1. In the both tense, we often use time expression for and since.

2. Both tenses can describe an action that has its beginning in the past and still going on.

3. But if action gets interrupted for some reason, we use the present perfect tense to describe it.

4. A single action has different meanings in the two tenses.
e.g. i) I have written all the letters. (The action is complete)
ii) I have been writing letters. (The action is still in progress)

iii) I have solved all the sums. (The action is finished)

iv) I have been solving sums. (The action is still going on)

Use of 'for' and 'Since': (v.v.imp.)

For shows a period of time upto now and since shows some point of time in the past.
e.g. Since morning, for four days
But, since last week and for the last. week.
** For detailed uses of for and since refer to next post.

Past Tense
A. Simple past/ Past indefinite tense.
(ता था, ती थी, ते थे)

Rule: (a) Assertive or positive Sentences:
Subject+V2

e.g. 1. I wrote a letter.

2. He slipped on a banana peel.

3. I met him yesterday.

(b) Negative Sentences: Subject+ did not+ V1
e.g. 1. I did not write a letter.

2. He did not complete his work on time.

3. I. did not like his behaviour.

4. They did not help us.
“Did” is a very heavy past tense and the verb following it will ALWAYS be in the present tense.
e.g. 1. I didn’t call up to remind them of our meeting today. 2. I didn’t know.

(c) Interrogative Sentences: Did+ subject+V1
e.g. 1. Did I write a letter?
2. Why did you come late?
3. Which book did you read?
4. Did you go to the market yesterday?

5. Where did they stop on the way?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences: Did+ subject+not+V1
e.g. 1. Did I not write a letter?
2. Why did you not come late?
3. Which book did you read?
4. Did you not buy the football?

5. Did he not write a letter to the principal?

6. Did they not look after the old man properly?

Uses of Simple past tense or Past Indefinite Tense:

1. To express the past/completed events or actions which is completely unrelated to the present./ To describe an event/action that happened in the past.
eg. i) when time is given:
a) Nehru died in 1994.
b) She joined this school in 1989.
c) He worked in this factory from 1990-2000.
d) I met him yesterday.

ii) when time is not given, but it is implied (not directly stated) and definite:
a) I bought this pen in bombay.
b) She visited her friend in Australlia.

iii) when time is asked for:
(a) When did you meet him?
(b) When did you watch this film?

2. For repeated events in the past./ To describe a habitual or repeated action in the past./ To express a past habit or regular action in the past.

e.g. i) He always asked for ride when father would come home from office.
ii) As a child, he often sang songs by the roadside to earn a living.
iii) He always went to the hills during vacations.
iv) He studied eight hours every day.
v) Ram was always spitting(थूकना) here and there.

3. For a past habit.
e.g. i) She always liked to play with young children.
ii) She always cried when her mother used to leave for work.

4. To express an action which lasted for a period of time in the past./ To denote an action which continued for sometime in the past.
e.g. i) He worked in that office for four hours. (but does not worked there any more)
ii) She lived in Delhi for a long time. (but does not live there any more)
iii) We studied Chemistry for two years.

* 'For' in this tense refers to the duration of the past action, and not to a period of time from the past to the present, as in the present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses.

5. For Permanent or long-term situations in the past.
e.g. i) She really enjoyed her stay with her grandparents when she was a child.
ii) It really irritated me when people would pluck at my baby cheeks to show affection.

6. In such conditional sentences that indicate a hypothetical/unlikely sitiation.
e.g. i) If I had won the trial match, I would have represented India at the Olympics.
ii) If I were you, I would travel the world.

7. With the following phrases.
e.g. i) He behaves as though he were the Headmaster of the school. (but he is not)
ii) I wish I had a friend like you.

8. To express an action completed in the past with reference to the time of speaking.

e.g. i) I met a one eyed sailor yesterday.

ii) We bought a flat last year.

9. To express an event which occurred at a particular point in the past.

e.g. i) Edison invented the gramophone.

ii) A truck hit a car and killed its driver.

10. To express an action which occupied a period of time in the past, but has ended now.

e.g. i) He worked for eight hours (= is not working now)

ii) I stayed at Manali with my uncle for ten days (= not staying now)

Present Perfect and Simple past:
1. The Present perfect tense describes the completion of action by now, whereas the simple past tense describe the happening of an action at a definite past time:
e.g. i) They have dig the pit.
ii) They dug the pit yesterday.

iii) I have written an essay.

iv) I wrote an essay yesterday.

2. Adverbs of past time: yesterday, last week/month/year, ago- are often used in the simple past tense, but they are not used in the present perfect tense at all.

e.g. I bought a T.V. yesterday.
I have bought a T.V. yesterday. (Incorrect)

3. The action in the present perfect tense establish its relationship with present. The action in past tense has no connection with the present.
e.g. i) He has lived in Shimla for some years. ( He is still in Shimla)
ii) He lived in Shimla for some years. (He is living at some other place now. )

B. Past Continuous Tense (रहा था, रही थी,रहे थे)

Rule: (a) Assertive/Positive Sentences: Subject + was/were + V1 + ing

Was is used with third person singular or singular subjects. [I, he, she, it and singular Nouns]
Were is used with plural subjects. [We, you, they and plural Nouns]

e.g. i) The boys were flying kites.
ii) The baby was crying in the cradle.

iii) The children were playing in the park.

iv) They were working till late night.

(b) Negative Sentences:
Subject+ Was/were+not+V1+ing
e.g. i) The boys were not flying kites.

iii) Were you watching television?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences:
Was/were+subject+not+V1+ing ?
e.g. i) were the boys not flying kites?

ii) Was he not playing in the park?

iii) Were children not making noise?

Uses of Past Continuous Tense:

1. To express an action that was in progress at some time in past.
e.g. i) I was eating breakfast at 8 o'clock.
ii) I was playing in the garden when he came.
iii) When I reached home, it was still raining.
iv) When I reached school, the morning assembly was still going on.

v) The students were completing their work.

vi) What were you doing in the evening yesterday ?

2. To express two or more actions/going on in progress at the same time in the past.
e.g. i) While I was doing my homework, my brother was playing outside.
ii) The students were talking when the teacher was writing on the blackboard.
iii) While mother was cooking, we were doing our homework.
iv) The students were listening attentively when the teacher was explaining the lesson.

v) Father was reading newspaper while mother was peeling vegetables.

3. To express an often repeated (undesireable) past action. (with a word like always or continually) OR To express irritation at repeated past actions.
e.g. i) She was always taunting him.
ii) He was always coming at odd hours.
iii) She was always creating trouble for. her younger brother.
iv) He was always making unfair. demands from his parents
v) Ram was always spitting(थूकना) here and there.

vi) The maid was continually asking for hike in salary.

vii) Some of the students were constantly making noise in the class.

**The words like 'always', 'constantly', 'continually' indicate the frequent repetition of action.

4. In description.
e.g. i) Joseph was playing the piano and Maira was singing. All the guests were dancing/enjoying except Angel.

5. In indirect speech as the equivalent of present continuous tense.
e.g. Direct: Preetika said,"I am travelling by the Swarn Shatabadi".
Indirect: Preetika said that she was travelling by the Swarn Shatabadi.

6. In polite questions how a period of time was spent.
e.g. i) What were you doing when I called you ?
ii) What were you hiding when the police questioned you?

7. For unfulfilled plans, with verbs like hope, plan etc.
e.g. i)I was hoping to find a new trouser. (but I didn't find one)
ii) I was hoping to reach Chennai by noon. (but I didn't)
iii) I was hoping to get an A+ grade in the Terminal Examination. (but I didn't get one)

8. In indirect speech in place of present continuous tense.
e.g.Direct: Mansi said,"I am travelling by the chennai Express".
Indirect: Mansi said that she was travelling by the chennai Express.

9. In Polite questions about how a period of time was spent.
e.g. What were you doing when your neighbours called you for the bonfire ?

10. For unfulfilled plans, with verbs like 'hope','plan', etc.
e.g. I was hoping to get an A+ grade in the Terminal Examination. (but I didn't get one)

11. To show gradual (means taking place in degrees, slow) development of a happening:

e.g. i) She was getting older.

C. Past perfect Tense (चुका था, चुकी थी, चुके थे)

Rule: (a) Assertive Sentences:
Subject+Had+V3
* Had is used with all subjects.
e.g. i) I had taken my dinner.

ii) They had reached here when you reached.

(b) Negative Sentences:
Subject+Had+not+V3
e.g. i) We had not reached the railway station by then.

ii) He had not left the office when I reached there.

Had + Subject + V3 + ..... ?

e.g. i) Had you ever been to Shimla before?

ii) Had she not made tea before the guests arrived?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences:

Had+subject+not+V3 ?

e.g. i) Had you not read today's newspaper?

ii) Had they not jumped the boundary?

*Words used in the past perfect tense:

Already, before, never, ever, still etc.

Uses of past perfect tense:
1. To express/describe an action completed before a certain moment (definite point) in the past.
e.g. i) At 7 p.m. all the shops had closed.
ii) At 16 years she had passed her B.A. examination.
iii) Martina had played her first international match at the age of 14.
iv) At 5p.m., the match had ended.

2. To express an action in the past which was completed before another action, also in the past. OR To describe an action which was completed before another action took place in the past. OR To describe a completed action before another action began in the past.
e.g. i) We had locked all the rooms before we left the house.
ii) I had already known the result when. she rang me up.
iii) We had completed our homework before leaving for Grandma's house.
iv) I had already known the result of the tournament when she rang me up.
v) The bell had rung when we entered the school.
vi) The letter came after he had left for the office.

vii) The crowd had dispersed (इधर-उधर होना) before the police arrived.

3. To express unfulfilled desires of the past. To denote past desires which remained unfulfilled.
e.g. i) I wish I had listened to my father's. advice. (but I did not listen)
ii) If only he had not wasted his time. (but he wasted).
iii) I wish I had worked harder for my exams. (but I did not)

4. To express impossible (unfulfilled) conditions of the past.
e.g. i) If you had worked hard, you would. have passed.
ii) If he had left earlier, he would have reached in time.
iii) If you had run faster, you would have won the race.
iv) If he had written neatly, he would have got better marks.

5. In the conditional clauses to describe something which did not really happen. OR To express an unfulfilled condition in the past.
e.g. i) If you had studied seriously, you would have passed.

ii) If he had studied well, he would have got success.

Simple past and past perfect:
1. The simple past tense is used to describe a series of events that happened one after the other (to narrate past events in the order they take place):
e.g. i) At 2 o'clock he stopped work. He put on his coat and went out for lunch. He had lunch at a restaurant with a friend. After lunch he came back to the office.
ii) I got up at five and studied for two hours. After taking a bath, I took breakfast. Then, I went to school on my bike.

2. If the order of events is not followed in the narrative, the past perfect tense is used to tell the correct order.

e.g. Before taking breakfast, I had already studied for two hours.

3. The past perfect tense is used to express a completed action before some special event/ action that we have in our mind.
e.g. i) By the time it began to snow, they had reached home.

ii) By the time he arrived, I had completed my work.

4. The longer/completed actions is reported in the Past perfect tense while the shorter action which took place later is reported in Simple past tense.

D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (से कर रहा था, से हो रहा था)

Rule: (a) Assertive Sentences:
Subject+had+been+V1+ing+for/since+time
e.g. i) She had been preparing for the test for two days.

(b) Negative Sentences:
Subject+had+not+been+V1+ing

e.g. i) She had not been working hard to get settled.

(c) Interrogative Sentences:
Had+subject+been+V1+ing ?
e.g. i) Had she been waiting for the bus for two hours?

ii) Had he been suffering from fever since Monday?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences:
Had+subject+not+V1+ing ?
e.g. i) Had he not been trying to phone her ?
ii) Had she not been dancing for two hours ?

iii) Had they not been playing since 5 p.m.?

Uses of Past Perfect Continuous tense:

1. To express an action that began before a certain time in the past and continued up to that time or stopped just before it.
e.g. i) The students had been shouting for ten minutes when the vice Principal reached the class.
ii) Until he married her, she had been working as a steno.

iii) He had been waiting for many years before her sudden arrival.

2. To express a repeated action in the past perfect as a continuous tense/action.
e.g. i) He had tried to meet the chief minister many times during the open meet. (=He had been trying to meet the CM)
ii) She had tried many times to learn classical dance. (=She had been trying to learn classical dance.)

3. To describe an action which continued in the past for a given period of time.

e.g. i) The gardener had been watering since morning.

Simple past and past perfect continuous:

1. Two past actions occur at the same time. Use simple past for both e.g.

When the police arrived, the accused(दोषी) ran away.

2. An action in progress in the past when another action took place. Use past continuous for the action in progress in the past. Use simple past for the action taking place in between. e.g.

I was talking to my father, when someone rang the bell.

3. Two past actions in progress simultaneously: Use past continuous for both the actions. e.g.

i) The players were playing while the spectators were watching them.

4. An action completed in the past before another action occurred: Use past perfect for the completed action and simple past for the action that took place afterwards.

e.g i) The patient died after the doctor had arrived.

Future Tense

A. Simple future/ Future Indefinite (गा, गे, गी)

Rule: (a) Assertive Sentences:

Subject+shall/will+V1+object

e.g. i) I shall read this book today.

ii) He will go to kanpur tomorrow.

iii) The boys will play football today.

iv) We shall preapre our own food.

Note: Shall is used with the Ist person (I, we) and 'will' with the second person (you), and third person (he, she, it, they). Will can also be used with the Ist person in the affirmative and negative, but not in interrogative.

When in doubt use will except in questions.

(b) Negative Sentences:

subject+ will/shall + not + V1 + object

e.g. i) Ravi will not play cricket.

ii) I shall not go to school today.

iii) We shall not succeed if we sit idle.

Will/shall + subject + V1 ?

e.g. i) Shall I do it ?

ii) Will you help me tomorrow ?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences:

Will/shall+ subject+ not + V1 ?

e.g. i) Shall I not go there ?

ii) Will you not give me your dictionary ?

iii) Will he not leave for Patna today ?

Uses of future indefinite tense:

1. To express an event or action that is yet to take place (with or without a time expression.) or to express a future action.

e.g. i) My brother will be twenty five next year.

ii) I shall go there tomorrow.

iii) They will help us in completing the construction of this building.

iv) Tomorrow I shall go to Bengaluru to attend a Conference.

2. To express speaker's opinion or assumption about future.

e.g. i) I think he will be come back.

ii) Perhaps we shall find him there.

iii) I think he will reach the venue of the meeting well before time.

B. Future continuous Tense ( रहा होगा, रही होगी, रहें होगे)

Rule: (a) Assertive Sentences:
Subject + Shall/will be + V1 + ing
e.g i) At 9 o'clock tomorrow we will be playing tennis.

ii) We shall be writing our papers at this time tomorrow.

(b) Negative Sentences:
Subject + shall/will+not+be+V1+ing
e.g. 1) You will not be waiting for us after 9 p.m.

(c) Interrogative Sentences:
Shall/will+subject+be+V1+ing ?
e.g. 1) Will they be earning a lot of money next year?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences:
Shall/will+subject+not+be+v1+ing ?
e.g. 1) Shall I not going to Mumbai today ?

2) Will Rajan not be coming today ?

Uses of future Continuous Tense:

1. To express an action that will be in progress at a given time in future.
e.g. i) At this time tomorrow we will be watching a film.
ii) At this time tomorrow we will be revising for the test.

2. To express an action which will occur in the normal course.
e.g. i) I will be going to school in the. morning.

3. In the negative, the future Continuous Tense states that a action will not take place in normal course.

e.g. i) He will not be coming to us tonight because he is going out.

4. In the interrogative, the future Continuous express a polite question and not a request or invitation.

e.g. i) Will you be going to market today?

C. Future Perfect Tense. चुका होगा, चुकी होगी, चुके होगें

Rule: (a) Assertive Sentences: Shall/Will have+ V3
e.g i) I shall have completed my work before 5 p.m.

(b) Negative Sentences: Shall/Will have+ not+ have+ V3
e.g i) I shall not have read(red) your letter by that time.

(c) Interrogative Sentences: shall/will+ subject+ V3 ?
e.g. i) Will they have crossed the river safely?

ii) Shall I have completed my work by evening?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences: Shall/will+subject+not have+V3?
e.g. i) Shall I not have travelled by plain?

ii) Will she not have participated in any debate?

iii) Will we not have washed our towels ?

Uses of Future Perfect tense:

1. To express an action which is expected to be completed by a certain time in the future. (time expression in this point is must like by then, by that time etc.)
e.g. i) By the end of this year he Will have saved a lot of money .
ii) Before you go to see him (the boss), he will have left for England (home).
iii) By the end of this year, he will have completed graduation.
iv) By 2050 India will have made a lot of progress.

2. To express the speaker's belief that something has taken place./something has already happened by the present time./ To reveal that something has taken place.
e.g. i) You will have heard about this news/ supersition./my marriage.
ii) Most people will have seen pictures of boat tragedy on television.

3. To describe an action that will be completed at some point of time in the future.

e.g. i) She will have reached there by evening.

ii) The train will have left by the time we reached the station.

D. Future Perfect Continuous Tense. ( रहा होगा, रही होगी, रहेे होगे + समय)

(a) Assertive Sentences: will/shall+have+been+V1+ing
e.g. i) I shall have been watering plants since morning.

ii) She will have been feeding the beggars for two hours.

(b) Negative Sentences:
Will/shall+not+have+been+V1+ing
e.g. i) I shall not have been sitting idle for a week.

ii) They will not have been wasting their time since morning.

(c) Interrogative Sentences: Will/shall+subject+have+been+V1+ing
e.g. i) Shall we have been waiting since morning ?

ii) Will the fisherman have been catching the fish before the sun rises ?

(d) Negative Interrogative Sentences:
Will/shall+subject+not+have+been+V1+ing
e.g. i) Shall we not have been singing for two hours ?

ii) Will boys not have been making complains since morning ?

Uses of future Perfect Continuous tense:

1. To express an action as being in progress over a period of time that will end in future.
e.g. i) By next December we shall have been living here for six years.
ii) By the end of the year he will have been here for over six months.

To describe an action that will be in progress even after a given point of time in the future.

e.g. By the end of March I shall have been working in this branch for two years.

Thursday, 18 June 2020

Global Warming.

Q. The Climate throughout the world is changing. It has already disrupted weather patterns by increasing rainfall in some areas and decreasing it in others. The temperature is increasing day by day. It results in frequent hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, tsunamis etc. Write an article in about 100-120 words, for your school magazine on the topic 'Global Warming - A Threat to life.'

A. GLOBAL WARMING-A THREAT TO LIFE
By XYZ

As we all know that there are so many problems which we are facing all around us/ facing in our society. Global Warming is one of them. Really It has become a big issue to be discussed.
Global warming is the steady and continuous rise in the level of earth's temperature. Our earth surface is becoming hotter day by day because of some unnoticeable habits of human beings. Global warming has become a threat for the earth's atmosphere as it is reducing the life possibilities on the earth.
The increasing level of Co₂ is caused due to deforestation, use of coal, oil, gas, burning of fossil fuels, gasoline etc. It has become the reason of rise in sea level, floods, storms, change in weather, fear of epidemic diseases, death etc. The effect of global warming is creating danger for human life.
The only solution to solve the problem of global warming is the social awareness. People must be aware about the causes and bad effects and should try to eradicate it from the world. People should stop producing Co₂ using oil, coal, gas and cutting down trees. They should minimise the use of electricity. Just small changes can help us to solve this problem and make this world a beautiful place to live in. If not done it will end the life on the earth one day.

Another form of question:

Q. Global Warming and rapid melting of glaciers has become the concern of every nation. As incharge of Eco-Club of your school, write a speech to be delivered in school's Morning assembly in order to make the students aware about it. You are Abhinav /Aaha of Yuva public School, Anand vihar.

Q. You are Ankit/Ankita, You visited an Artic region as a part of an expedition. The melting of ice caps and the raising water level alarmed you and made you realise the intensity of global warming. On your return you decided to write an article for a youth magazine on your concern regarding the effects of global warming. Write an article in about 150 words. (C.B.S.E. 2012 Class Xth)

Q. Man’s use of fossil fuels – coal, oil, and natural gas – together with deforestation has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and heat-trapping greenhouse gas has begun the process of climate change. Higher temperatures are an indication of dangerous consequences: drought, disease, floods, and lost ecosystems. Using the information given above and your own ideas, write a speech expressing your concerns about the rapidly increasing global warming and its consequences, giving your suggestions to improve the situation. (200 words) [learninsta.com]

Q. Climate throughout the world is changing. It has already disrupted weather patterns in many parts of the world. Write an article in about 120 words for a newspaper on the topic "Global Warming- Global Warming for mankind".

In your article you should include the following points:

1. What global warming is and how it is caused.

2. effects of global warming on polar

ice-caps, oceans, wildlife, vegetation and human beings

3. some suggestions to deal with the problem. [Class IXth BBC Compacta]

Global Warming is a great threat to the very survival of our planet.

Thursday, 19 March 2020

Letter to a friend telling him about unity in diversity OR national integration.

Q. Write a letter to your friend telling him about your views on 'Unity in Diversity'.

A. 123, Palika vihar
Ambala City

Mar 19,20xx

Dear ABC
How are you ? I hope you are fine and in good spirit. Today I want tell you my views about unity in diversity. Unity in diversity means a feeling of love, unity, harmony and cooperation among the people. It teaches that the feeling of Nationality should be above the issues of caste, language and religion. The prosperity and safety of our country depends on the unity in diversity. People should develop a sense of unity in their hearts and realize that their welfare is linked with their welfare is linked with their country is welfare. I hope you will agree with my views. Rest all fine. Pay my regards to elders and love to manu.

Yours loving
XYZ

Sunday, 8 March 2020

Letter to a friend telling him about importance of grandparents.

Q. You are Roma Singh. Write a letter to your friend telling him about the importance of grandparents.

A. 155, preet vihar
New Delhi.

March 8, 20XX

Dear ABC
How are you? I hope you are fine and in good spirit. Today I want to tell you about the importance of grand parents. They bring so much to the family life. They are cheer leaders in life. They provide best wishes, praise, support, and encouragement. They share their wisdom and wealth of experience with us. They add a sense of connection to the chain of humanity. They also provide a whole sense of history, identity and heritage. They can help to stabilise the family environment. Today grandparents are multidimensional. So, we all ought to respect our grandparents. Rest all fine. Pay my regards to all elders and love to manu.

Yours loving
XYZ