proportion of population

 Q. The graph shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1930 and 1980 in three different countries.

The per-centum of the populace aged 65 and above from 1930 to 1950 is depicted in the line graph. The data given is for three countries. 

It is apparent that in 1930, Portugal had the highest percentage of people aged 65 and above. The figure continued to rise till 1950 and reached up to 15. However, the trend reversed between 1950 and 1970 as the percentage of the ageing population dropped by 2 per cent. After 1970, it again increased to nearly 22% in 1980.

Turning to spain, it is clear that population of senior citizens rose dramatically from nearly 15% in 1930 to about 25% in 1980. 

Moving further, London experienced most dramatic changes in the population of older people. The percentage of people aged 65 and over was just 5% in 1930. Interestingly, this figure rose exponentially and reached approximately 27% in the end.

It is, therefore, clear that the percentage of population aged 65 and beyond of all three nations went up by following a fluctuating trend. However, maximum increase was in London. 

REFERRAL POINTS:

Per centum of people of age 65 or higher // Three countries: London, Spain, Portugal // In 1930, least in London – 5% and maximum in Portugal – nearly 9% // In 1980, London highest population (above 25%) and lowest was in Portugal at about 23% // Spain had maximum fluctuations // Maximum rise in London // Least rise in Portugal 

VOCABULARY:

Rendered: given // Rise: increase // Nearly: approximately, almost // Peak: highest point // Maximum: highest // Minimum: lowest, least // Decreased: dropped

Table interpretation

 Q. The table below provides information on rental charges and salaries in three areas of London. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information. Write minimum 150 words.

The given table elucidates information about weekly rents of different rooms in three regions of London and the annual salary needed for such areas. The currency used is pounds.

It is clearly seen that Notting hill surpases the other two areas both in case of rents of rooms as well as the accompanying salaries. The rents per week of single, double and triple rooms were 375, 485 and 738 pounds respectively. Similarly, the needed income were very high amounting to 98500, 127500, 194000 pounds respectively.

Furthermore, Regent’s Park occupied the medium position in terms of rental charges for various rooms and the salaries corresponding to the weekly rents. As far as Fulham was concerned, its charges per week for one, two and three rooms were the least, that is, 2,15,390 and 500 respectively. At the same time, their wage requirement was the lowest, that is, 56,500, 1,02,500 and 1,57,500 as per the number of rooms.

Hence, the incomes required per year were proportionate to the rentals in all the 3 areas.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Number and names of different areas // Rental charges of different numbers of rooms in all areas // Required incomes of all rooms in each area // Maximum weekly rent in Notting Hill for 3 rooms - 738 // maximum salary required for the same- 1.94,000.

VOCABULARY:

Regions: area // accompanying: that goes along with something // annual: per year // corresponding: proportionate // sums: amounts // emoluments: salaries/incomes // proportionate: as per the rato // accommodation: rooms

Pie chart interpretation

 Q. The pie charts show information about spendings on different aspects. Write a report of at least 150 words summarizing the main points and making suitable comparisons. 

The pie charts reveal information about expenditure on different aspects in two given years, that is 2003 and 1970.

It is vivid that maximum spending was on cars in 2003, being 43% whereas the expenditure was considerable on food in 1970 (44%). Expenses incurred on restaurants were equal in both the given years, being 14%. Spending on computers fell by 1% from 1970 to 2003 and the same was true for expenditure done on furniture as well.

Further analyzing the pie charts, it is clear that one tenth of the total money was expended on petrol in the year 1970, however, the percentage decreased by 2 in 2003. Spending on books was 6% in 1970 which reduced to slightly less than its half after 33 years. 

Overall, it is apparent from both the pie charts that in the year 1970, maximum expenditure was on food and minimum on cars whereas in 2003, highest amount was expended on cars and least on books.

REFERRAL POINTS:

pie charts // expenditure on different aspects // time period- 2003 and 1970 // in 1970-maximum spending on food (44%) and minimum on cars (5%) // In 2003, maximum expenditure on cars- 43% and least on books (2%) // equal amount expended on restaurants in both the years- 14%

VOCABULARY:

spending: expenditure // expended: spent // decreased: reduced, fell

Pie chart interpretation

 Q. The three pie charts illustrate world spending, world population and consumption of resources respectively in 2008. Write a report to describe the main features and use at least 150 words. 

The first, second and third pie charts depict the information about world expenditure on various resources, distribution of world people and utilization of resources in different areas in 2008 respectively.

It can be clearly seen that maximum expenses were on sources other than the ones mentioned and these were 40%. These were followed by food and then transport, that is, 24% and 18% respectively. Housing expenditure was half of that on food, that is, 12% and minimum money was spent on clothing. 

As per the second pie chart, Asia had more than half the world population, that is, 52%. The continents of Europe and Americas (North America and South America) had an equal population of 14% each. Similarly, in Africa and other regions of the world, it is minimal, that is, 10% each. The third pie chart shows that the major part of the world resources, that is, 65% was utilized by the country of USA and the continent of Europe, whereas remaining resources were available to the rest of the world.

Thus, the least expenditure was on clothing, world populace was unproportionately high in Asia and most of the resources were consumed by regions that had less than half the populace of the globe.

REFERRAL POINTS: expenditure on various aspects // maximum expenses on other sources // maximum world population in Asia // minimum population in Africa and other world parts // USA and Europe used major proportion of resources in 2008.

VOCABULARY: Expenditure: money spent // utilization: usage // populace: distribution of masses // unproportionately: not as per the ratio // major: main // regions: area

Describing Process

 Q. The diagrams depict the process of electricity production in two stages. Summarize the main features and write a report of at least 150 words. 

The given diagrams illustrate a structure that is used to produce electricity from wave power. 

The process consists of a structure mounted on the side of a cliff having a large chamber. A turbine is also fixed inside the column and is used to generate electricity in two stages. In the first stage, when a wave hits the equipment, water is forced to move to the chamber. Pressure is exerted on the air inside the column. This causes the turbine to move and the air passes into the atmosphere producing electricity.

Further, the next part reveals the second phase in which the waves move back. When the level of water goes down, the air from outside the column is sucked back by the turbines. Consequently, electricity generation continues. In this stage, the turbines only moves in one direction. It is not affected by the air flow.

Thus, it can be analyzed that it is a very helpful process to generate electricity in two stages.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Diagrams show/depict production of electricity // structure mounted on a different/sea wall // contains a large chamber // a turbine is fit into it // electricity is generated in two phases // wave forces water into the chamber // pressure is exerted on the air column // movement of turbines is caused // air passes out and produces electricity // wave moves back and level of water goes down // air from outside is sucked back // electricity keeps getting produced.

Vocabulary: Phases: stages // cliff: small mountain // production: generation // contains: consists // fit: installed // device: apparatus/equipment 

Data interpretation.

 Q. The table below shows the spending of people on various items of 5 countries in 2001. 

Write a report of maximum 150 words describing the significant features and comparing data where possible. 

The table provides information about consumer spending on various items in 2001 in different countries. The data is given in percentage.

The striking feature of the chart is that the expenditure incurred on food/drinks/tobacco by consumers in all countries was higher in comparison with clothes and entertainment. Precisely, consumers in Turkey spent significant proportion on food, drinks etcetera (32.14%) followed by USA (28.91%). As far as Spain, Italy and Sweden were concerned, people in these countries spent 18.80%, 16.36% and 15.77% respectively. 

Further, all countries spent differently on clothing and footwear with Americans spending the highest (26.43%) whereas Spanish and Turks being the lowest spenders in this category.

Turning to leisure/education, highest proportion of expenditure was incurred by Turks, that is, 14.35 followed by Spain (11.98%). For Itlay and Spain, the figures were relatively lower at 3.22% and 3.20% respectively. Surprisingly, Americans spent least in this category.

Thus, from the overall analysis, people of most countries spent majority of amount on food/drinks/tobacco followed by clothing and finally, least consumer spending was on leisure/education.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Table/Tabular chart // showing percentage of money spent // 5 different countries on 3 different things // in 2001 // maximum amount spent by all countries was on food/drinks/tobacco // highest in Turkey, 32.14% // lowest amount expended by all countries on leisure/education // least was 2.21% by USA // clothing and footwear people spent differently // Spain and Turkey spent almost equal percentage (nearly 6%)

VOCABULARY: Percentage: proportion, per centum // spent: expended // money: amount // lowest: least, minimum // highest: maximum.

Graph interpretation.

 Q. The graph below shows the value of exports of 3 different items by one country from 1993 to 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Write atleast 150 words. 

The line graph compares value of exports of selected items like fuel, food and manufactured goods over 6 years by one country. The data is given in million dollars.

It is evident that fuel worth 80000 dollars approximately was expected in 1995. A continuous decline was experienced in the subsequent years. In 1996, value of fuel exported dipped to nearly 70000 million dollars. In next 2 years, the figure dropped further and reached at almost 40000 million dollars in 1998. Later, in 1999 and 2000, it remained almost same at 30000 million dollars with only a marginal difference.

Moving further, the figures for export of food remained almost same throughout. The figures always kept below 10000 million dollars. Moving to manufactured goods, a fluctuating trend was observed. Initially, in 1995, the value of manufactured goods exported was nearly 20000 million dollars which doubled by 1997. After that, a fall was experienced and the figure reached 30000 million dollars in 1998. Thereafter, a gradual growth was seen till the last year of 2000.

Thus, continuous fall was witnessed in value of fuel exported over the years, whereas the value of manufactured goods experienced ups and downs. 

Referral Points:

value of exported goods // 6 different years // export value of fuel continuously dropped // In 1995, it was near 80000 dollars // stagnated in last two years // value of food exported was almost same throughout // slight drop in 1996 // manufactured goods had a fluctuating trend (20000 in 1995 & 33000 in 2000) // fall was seen in 1998 and then it again rose till 2000.

VOCABULARY: Show: illustrate // decline: decrease, drop // negligible: slight, little // grow: rise, increase // witnessed: experienced, observed // fluctuating: zigzag