The social strata are changing and the gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider, the rich are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poorer. What do you think are the causes of this problem and suggest solutions to tackle it.

 Q. The social strata are changing and the gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider, the rich are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poorer. What do you think are the causes of this problem and suggest solutions to tackle it.

Income in any society should be evenly distributed to maintain equilibrium in social structure. Unfortunately, this is not the case and the gap between the rich and the poorer is widening. Of course, there is no single factor which contributes to such a situation and there are many reasons for it which are discussed in the paragraphs below with possible solutions.

To initiate with, the contributing factors of such gap, the first is taxation policy of the government which helps the high income group to evade tax. For instance, the government has different tax slabs which make them avail tax exemption like, opening an office in a special economy zone to result in good savings and increase in profit. Another reason for this almost unbridgeable gap is that very few people from the wealthy class use their money for the benefit of the society or for helping those who are less privileged than them. Moreover, unethical activities like corruption and crime also help people to amass enormous amount of wealth.

However, this gap can be reduced by making some efforts. First of all, the authorities should make rules that promote equal opportunity for all sections of the society, if people are working to achieve it. Besides this, the wealthy should have a will to share the extra income, rather than spending fortune on useless things like driving luxurious cars, eating in sophisticated restaurants etcetera. They should be encouraged to donate some amount of charity. Further, heavy taxes should be levied on the affluent class and the money gained should be put to use to improve the life of the underprivileged.

In conclusion, it is undeniable that the differences between the rich and the poor are widening so appropriate and timely steps should be taken before something undesirable happens because “prevention is better than cure”.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

There is an unbridgeable gap between the rich and the poor. // it is the direct outcome of unequal income distribution // factors like unfair taxation, crime, corruption, self centred attitude all contribute to the issue. // steps like equality, willingness to share, change in taxation can help to lessen the gap.

VOCABULARY: Rich: wealthy // lessen: reduce // widening: increasing // enormous: quite big, huge

RELATED QUESTION:

The increasing gap between the rich and the poor is the result of and is resulting into many issues. Discuss the same, mentioning any relevant examples.

Co-education.

 Q. With changing trends in education like all other aspects, co-education is becoming increasingly common. What do you think are the positive and negative aspects of this development?

Change is inevitable. Life goes through a continuous process of change and education is no exception. In ancient times, women were not allowed to receive education and men were sent to schools called Gurukuls. With the passage of time, education became common and males amd females were sent to different institutions. However, nowadays, co-education is gaining popularity, this refers to the boys and girls studying in common schools and classrooms. In the paragraphs further, I will discuss the positive and negative aspects of this trend.

To begin with, co-education is necessary today and there are numerous reasons for the necessity of co-education. Boys and girls think differently, generally boys are logical and girls are emotional, with regular interaction, a better understanding can be formed between them. Also, it generates a healthy competition between them and there will always be appreciation of perspectives, strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, co-education gives confidence to girls as they are treated as equals. This is of great significance in a patriarchal society like ours and it emphasizes the role of education for women. Another great benefit is that friendship, teamwork and mutual respect develops between both the genders as they are involved in multiple activities together and this makes way for open-minded individuals who can easily adapt to the highly globalised society.

However, there are some demerits of co-education. Attraction towards the opposite gender can hamper concentration of students in studies and they may get involved in unethical activities with each other. Besides this, unnecessary arguments may take place due to difference of opinion and it may create an unhealthy atmosphere resulting in negative feelings for each other.

To sum up, I would like to say that like most other things, co-education has both merits and demerits but merits outnumber the demerits and co-education is very beneficial for the betterment of society.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Co-education is studying of girls and boys together // In ancient times, only boys were sent to schools // Later, separate schools were there for boys and girls // Nowadays, Co-education prevails // It has several positives and drawbacks // should be promoted keeping in mind its merits.

VOCABULARY:

Co-education: studying of both genders together // patriarchal: male-dominated // benefit: merit, advantages // drawback: demerit, disadvantage

RELATED QUESTION:

What are the benefits and disadvantages of mixed sex education? Do you think this system is suitable for the kind of culture you live in?

Work from home.

Q. Due to advancement in technology, it is possible to work from home. Some people say that this benefits the employees more than the employers. To what extent do you agree or disagree ?

The development in science and technology has made things possible which were once unimaginable. Working from home is called telecommuting or teleworking. People no longer need to go to the traditional workplace to do their work and this, in the opinion of some people, benefits the workers more than the companies they work for. I will discuss my views in the succeeding paragraphs.

To commence with, the privilege of working from home serves several advantages to its employees. The first benefit is that it helps workers to save time and money as they do not need to spend on travelling to work. Another is that working at home provides a relaxing and comfortable atmosphere and people can spend more time with their families without any compromise on their work. People normally spend most of their time in offices. Thus, the household chores and time with children can be managed along with work leading to better family bonding. Furthermore, employees also have the merit that they can decide when to start or stop work or take a break because the efficiency of every individual is different like some people can work efficiently in the morning while others are more efficient when they work in the evening.

Moving further, the stress added to the lives of the individuals due to traffic woes can also be avoided. This keeps the individual stress-free and active for longer periods of time. However, I think the only possible advantage that it offers to the employees is they save space, electricity and infrastructure costs. 

To summarize, I would like to say that working from home is a blessing of technology and it definitely has greater advantages for employees than for employers.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Working from home is called telecommuting or teleworking // One of the blessings of advancing technology // Saves commuting expenses, frustration of traffic jams, provides calm atmosphere, flexible working hours to the employees // Less advantageous for the bosses, only saves resources like water, electricity.

VOCABULARY:

Advantage: merit, benefit // telecommuting: teleworking // blessing: boon // greater: more // employers: bosses // employees: workers

RELATED QUESTIONS:

Telecommuting has become the new trend in the working arena. What are the some of the advantages and disadvantages of this? // The possibility of working from home is further making people lazy and dependent. This is another move in the direction of making man a slave of technology. How far do you agree/disagree to this statement?

Studying history is a waste of time.

Q. Some people think that studying history is a waste of time, whereas others think it is essential to learn history. Discuss both sides and your opinion. 

The word History is derived from combining his and story. It is the study of the story of mankind and refers to the study of past events, particularly human affairs. History mostly includes events, places or people and their relation to one another at a given time period. It is one of the many important subjects taught and studied at all levels of education. Some people view the study of history as an important dimension of education, on the contrary, others consider it as an unnecessary subject. I will cast light on both views and also my opinion in the writing that follows. 

In the opinion of some people, history is a waste of time because first and foremost, it is tedious to learn dates, names of people and places which are not even useful in everyday life. Also, if one could learn past mistakes, even then history would not have comprised of repeated mistakes like the world wars. Another concern is that very old curriculum are taught in most schools which which includes contemporary history in very small amounts. This is not relevant to the world in which people live today. Moreover, modern epoch is that of science and technology, so laying emphasis on such subjects is of more use rather than learning something which is done and dusted. 

On the other hand, some think teaching of history is vital for education due to plethora of factors. The major reason is that it helps the generation of today to understand its culture and traditions which are being followed since ancient times. It also creates a sense of belonging to our roots. In addition to this, important events like the Holocaust, teach people about the horrific tragedies which occurred in the past, to remember those who were killed and to ensure that a tragedy of such colossal magnitude does not repeat. Last but not the least, it also shows the patterns of behaviour and lifestyle along with their outcome which help to avoid the negative ones and follow those which are beneficial.

To wrap up, I would say that though a few people underestimate the importance of history but in my opinion, it is one of the most important subjects ever taught at any level or in any form of learning.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

History is the study of past events // it is a waste of time since it is a repetition of mistakes // it has very little reference to the modern world of science and technology // it is beneficial because it keeps individuals connected to their roots, teaches about culture and traditions // it makes people remember sacrifices, horrific tragedies so as to avoid such occurrences in the future.

VOCABULARY:

Tedious: boring // emphasis: stress // colossal: huge // magnitude: extent // underestimate: underrate

RELATED QUESTIONS:

History has been much a taught and learnt subject since ages. Do you think advantages of studying history outnumber its disadvantages? // According to some people, boring subjects like history have little relevance in today’s world and should therefore be replaced by modern ones which lays more stress on science and technology. Do you agree or disagree ?

To some people schools only focus on making their students fit for works, whereas others believe that the primary aim of schools is holistic development of the individual. Give your opinion and cite any relevant examples.

 Q. To some people schools only focus on making their students fit for works, whereas others believe that the primary aim of schools is holistic development of the individual. Give your opinion and cite any relevant examples. 

Schools are considered as temples of learning and play an immense role in the life and future of every individual. In the formative stage of life, every human being spends maximum time at school. Teaching of skills, manners, etiquettes along with shaping of an individual’s personality in many ways is done in school. Some people opine that the main aim of schools is to train individuals to become suitable for a profession, whereas others deem that schools are responsible for the overall development of individuals. I support the latter view which has been explained in the subsequent essay. 

To initiate with, a child at the age of four enters school for formal education and these days even 2 to 3 years old go to play school. Often parents are seen trying to secure admission for their wards in the best possible and reputed schools, this explains that schools are not aiming only at teaching skills and making one fit for work but also at making one a completely responsible and well developed citizen. First of all, there is no doubt that schools not only teach the skills to read, write and do arithmetic but people also learn about places, nature, interaction, friendship, team work, respect, cooperation, etcetera in the school. Also, a school makes individuals ready to be future caretakers of this planet. It is a privilege to study in a good school and understand the roles one has to play as a member of the society in which he lives, grows and ultimately dies. Moreover, schools teach important things which are the building blocks and necessary to do much in life like critically analyze, read, perform mathematical functions etcetera. I agree that these are important to make individuals fit for work but the same time, they make people develop attributes essential to live.

Furthermore, it is sure that schools do not impart education to produce robotic citizens but human beings who are fully grown, developed, learned and skillful. Therefore, I do not find it appropriate to call schools, centres are producing trained workers. Besides this, schools provide exposure to activities, ideas and fields of knowledge that one may never otherwise encounter. They also help learners to learn discipline, patience, preservance and hard work. To add to this, man is a social animal and cannot survive by knowing how to work only, there are several other important traits which are necessary for his existence and learning or imbibing these is to a large extent, done in a school.

To conclude, I would say that different people have different opinions but I strongly believe that schools play a role in producing asset-like individuals who are perfect workers and dutiful members of the society in which they live and grow.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Schools are temple of learning // Aim of schools is overall development // schools produce properly shaped individuals // They do not aim at producing machine like humans, only fit to work // All important traits like patience, cooperation, punctuality etcetera are learnt in schools // Apart from basic reading, writing, valuable exposure is provided // schools primarily aim at producing asset-like individuals in society.

VOCABULARY:

Attributes: properties, characteristics // traits: attributes // holistic: complete, overall // Perservance: persistence // privilege: fortunate right // imbibing: inculcating, assimilating 

Related Question:

To some people going to schools is a majorly important aspect of life, whereas, others think basic skills can be learnt otherwise also. What do you think is more appropriate viewpoint? Substantiate your answer with any relevant details and examples.

Eating a balanced diet is the most important step towards a healthy life. To what extent do you agree ?

 Q. Eating a balanced diet is the most important step towards a healthy life. To what extent do you agree ?

Food is one of the basic needs of man. Clothing and shelter being the other two. A balanced diet is the one which consists of all nutrients in the right proportion. Eating a balanced diet is an important factor to live a healthy life. I totally agree with this statement and I will discuss this in the subsequent paragraphs.

To begin with, there are various advantages of eating a balanced diet which reflect its Importance for a healthy living. The first major benefit is that it contains all nutrients in the required amount, that is, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals which are of paramount importance for the body’s growth and development. Another benefit is the strong immunity provided by the balanced diet. Many diseases commonly seen to affect people of various agencies groups can be prevented by sufficient intake of required foods, thus enabling people to have a healthy lifestyle.

Moving further, a balanced diet also ensures proper mental growth and development and hence, sufficient productivity. Moreover, research has proven that people who eat a healthy diet, live longer. For instance, the Japanese ensure intake of healthy food and they are usually healthier and live long.

Another factor which proves the importance of eating a balanced diet is that absence of certain nutrients, can cause serious health issues. For example, a disorder called scurvy is the outcome of a prolonged deprivation of vitamin C. Hence, every nutrient has its own place and importance for the body and should be taken to avoid complications.

To wrap up, I would say that a balanced diet is undeniably an indispensable step towards a healthy life and everyone should eat proper meals to remain fit and dosease free.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Food is the basic need // balanced diet consists of all nutrients in the right amount // has many advantages // keeps one healthier, helps live longer // improves immunity // ensures proper physical and mental growth // absence of nutrients causes diseases.

VOCABULARY 

Consists of: includes, comprises // Paramount: predominant // Prevented: kept // Sufficient: adequate // Indispensable: vital, essential 

RELATED QUESTION: Do you think eating a balanced diet is important for an individual’s health? How far do you agree or disagree?

Trend of Nuclear family.

 Q. In this era, the primary ties are loosening, families are not as close as they used to be and a lot of people have become habitual to this. Explain the reasons for this and discuss any possible effects, it may have on the society.

A family is the basic unit of social structure. With the passage of time, it has been observed that relationships at all levels have become tensed as compared to earlier times. This distance can be attributed to diverse contributing factors and can have several social effects. I will shed light on this in the writing that follows.

To commence with, the major reason is the growing trend of nuclear family replacing the extending or joint family system due to which family bonds are weakening. Also, according to needs of society, life is very competitive and demanding due to which youngsters have to move away from their parents at an early age to work or study. For example, some children live in hostels to ensure proper grooming, education and upbringing. This may lead to emotional estrangement of children from parents. Even in cases when parents are close to their children or stay together, they are mostly away from home as people now work for long hours to make ends meet. This means that parents spend less time with their children and it results in a gap between parents and kids. Another factor is, the use of gadgets and interaction with friends using various forms of social media leads to a drop in the frequency of face to face interactions.

This distance has obvious effects on the society. The first impact is that it weakens family bonding and this makes the family lose its meaning as a social institution. People are less fond of their family members and this brings lack of unity. Children become indisciplined and careless because they lack supervision. Children develop psychological issues due to loneliness. It also contributes to the widening of generation gap because parents do not know about the problems of children as they are unable to spend proper time with them.

To conclude, I would like to say that the present day families are becoming distanced from each other due to a plethora of causes and it has some implications on the society due to which it should be should be avoided and efforts should be made on all levels to keep the family as closely knit as possible.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Family is the basic unit of society // Changing times are causing the family divide // long working hours, trend of nuclear families, technology, drifting away for work or study // suitable steps should be taken since it has serious consequences // loneliness, personality issues, growing generation gap

VOCABULARY:

Observed: witnessed, seen // attributed: imputed, ascribed // diverse: myraid, various // weakening: breaking // estrangement: alienation, disaffection 

RELATED QUESTION:

People, these days, are more concerned about themselves only. What are the several factors leading to the family divide and how does it impact the social structure?

Problems of growing population.

Q. The ever-growing population of urban areas has led to numerous problems. Identify one or two serious ones and suggest ways in which the government and individuals can tackle these problems.

Over-population, also termed as population boom or population explosion refers to the unexpected growth in the number of people. There are several countries across the globe which are bearing the burnt of this rapid rise in the number of people. I will discuss a few serious issues being caused by this and the possible measures which can be taken by the authorities as well as the individuals.

To begin with, overpopulation leads to overcrowding which means poor quality of life. There is an increased pressure exerted on the resources because of which the standard of housing is not up to the mark. Poorly heated or damp conditions prevail in accomodations which cause many health problems such as bronchitis and the like. Another problem is increase in criminal activities as those who lack basic necessities like housing may resort to theft. In addition, the environment also gets degraded as due to the pressure of providing food to so many people, forests are cleared and converted into agricultural fields. Absence of appropriate sanitation to support the increased population causes diseases. 

However, there are certain steps which can be taken by both the government and individuals to tackle the problems posed by overpopulation. First of all, the government should make strict laws to control population. This can be done by providing incentives to people with a single child. Also, if possible, adequate housing facilities should be provided with proper sanitation by the government. Citizens should also actively with responsibility. People should only give birth to children keeping in mind their resources and financial conditions.

To conclude, government and citizens can both come together and join hands to combat this problem and minimize its negative effects on society before it grows to massive proportions and is tough to handle.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Overpopulation: excessive growth in number of people // Causes: low standard of living, poor housing, improper sanitation, stress on civic amenities // Government can frame laws // Incentives should be given to people with a single child // Adequate housing, sanitation should be ensured for all // Citizens should also behave responsibly to handle this problem.

VOCABULARY:

Overpopulation: population boom, population explosion // incentives: bonuses // amenities: comforts, conveniences // government: authorities, regulatory body // control: curb, tackle // degraded: lowered in value // measures: steps

RELATED QUESTION:

The activities of man have impacted the environment deeply. What are the results of man’s activities and what measures can be taken by the government and citizens.

Problems linked to internet

 Q. The internet has brought a sea change in the way information is shared and consumed, but it has also created problems that did not exist before.

What are the most serious problems linked to the internet and what solutions can you suggest?

One of the greatest inventions of science and technology is the internet. Being a boon, it has caused revolutionary changes in the method of exchange of information and has at the same time, been a cause of several problems. It is a blessing in disguise. However, there are solutions to problems caused by excessive use of internet. I will shed light on the problems and possible remedial actions in the following writing. 

To commence with, there are several dangers posed by the internet. They access to obscene websites by children, exposing them to inappropriate material is a major cause of concern. Also excessive use of internet is making children lazy and limiting their mental growth and development. Another problem posed by the internet is online frauds. The cases of cyber crimes are on the rise. People can gain access to private messages or can misuse photographs, etcetera by illegal means. There are many cases of business websites falling prey to criminals and this is a direct outcome of the excessive use of the internet. In several cases, some information or messages can be misunderstood and lead to straining of relationships. People sometimes do not understand  the exact message which is being conveyed to them and tend to take these messages negatively.

However, every problem can be dealt with by taking appropriate steps. The government should ensure a proper legislation and control in order to prevent the young generation from using inappropriate websites. Parents should also keep a check on the activities of their children and limit their internet use. Access to certain websites should be regulated by computer programs because sometimes, children may not know the difference between good and bad. Another way to prevent the problem is to send precise messages to people to avoid misunderstanding and also prefer complete words over abbreviations. Last but not the least, high security measures should be used on websites to ensure protection against any misuse like hacking to decrease the causes of cyber crime.

To conclude, I would say that the Internet is a great help to mankind and it should only be used within limits so that its benefits can be promoted and even if some problems caused, they should be dealt with effectively.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Internet, great blessing to mankind // Revolutionary changes in communication // Some problems are also posed // Access to vulgar sites // Hacking and other cyber crimes // Limits mental growth of children // Stringent laws // Highly secure websites // Limited access to sites, regulated by programs // Parents need to monitor activities of children // Necessary steps to deal with problems // Use internet only for good.

VOCABULARY:

Revolutionary: radical // Several: Many, numerous // Threat: danger // Posed: laid // Legislation: law making

Related Questions:

Every house in the modern house has a computer connected to the internet. Do you think this advancement is positive or negative?

Crimes by minors

 Q. Crimes by minors are on the rise in recent times. The psychologists claim that the fundamental reason for this is that children these days are lacking the social and emotional learning they need from parents and teachers. To what extent do you agree/disagree?

It is undeniable that society is undergoing a degradation of morals and values. The statistics show an ever-increasing crime rate among minors. Some people believe that insufficient social and emotional learning from parents and teachers is the cause of this problem. I do not agree to this belief as several factors cause teens to indulge in anti-social activities.

To begin, nowadays, acts like rapes, thefts and murders flood pages of newspapers and television channels and more than often, these crimes are committed by teens. The adolescents of today, are very rebellious and make it impossible for parents or teachers to imbide the necessary social and emotional learning in them which contributes to the problem of teenage crimes. However, that is not the only cause; there are several other and greater reasons which are leading to a rise in this problem. A very significant cause of this problem is economic conditions. No matter, how much social or emotional learning is given to a child, financial inequality and unemployment fuel the urge of earning money through unethical and illegal means.

Friend circle of teenagers has a strong influence on their behavior. It is rightly said, a man is known by the company he keeps. If teens have a violent, aggressive friend circle they are likely to become like that. The influence of media and movies is also a leading cause of increased criminal tendency among youngsters because a lot of movies portray that criminals are rich and are respected out of fear by others. Therefore, lack of emotional and social learning on the part of parents and teachers is not the main reason of increasing crime by minors.

To conclude, I would like to say that the reason for increase in crime amongst children is not only because of detached approach of parents or teachers towards their wards and students, more than this, other reasons have also contributed to this social problem.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Teenagers are committing more crimes // Parents and teachers cannot be solely held responsible // Many factors like poverty, influence of media etcetera are also responsible // Friend circle has a major influence // Certain conditions are unavoidable and they always influence youngsters // Conclusively, crime is on the rise due to many reasons // Effective measures are important rather than blaming parents and teachers.

VOCABULARY:

Crime: Anti-social activities // Undeniable: sure, indisputable, irrefutable // Degradation: downfall // Teenagers: teens, adolescents, youngsters // Friends: peers // Shooting: rising // Several: numerous, innumerable, many.

Related Questions:

The violent tendency of youth is on the rise. What do you think are the possible causes and what solutions do you suggest? // The lack of social and emotional learning from parents and teachers is the number one cause of violence committed by young children. Do you agree or disagree?

Excessive use of Television and computers.

Q. The excessive use of television and computers is retarding the growth in children which is shown in recent studies. How far do you agree disagree to this statement?

Modern epoch is the one of technology and therefore it is not uncommon to see people of all age groups becoming increasingly involved in technology and its use. Among the many gifts of technology, one is television also called the knowledge box and another is computer, called a man-made marvel. These two gadgets when excessively used by children can definitely hinder their growth and development. I will cast light on the same in the writing that follows.

To begin with, it is known to all that excess of everything is bad and computers and television are no exception to it. First of all, children do not know how to balance or limit the time spent on these devices due to which their academics will suffer and it can hurt their ability to learn and retain. Also, spending time in front of these devices reduces active social interaction, children may be sitting with their family members and watching television or using the computer yet they are in their own world. Another problem related to this is that children are becoming couch potatoes and obesity is a very common problem among them. When all the time is spent sitting, then obviously thete is lack of physical and mental growth due to no physical activity.

Furthermore, young children cannot concentrate for an extended time period on their study and return to a book or homework after so many hours of playing video games or watching shows. Besides, the content being shown on television or that available on the internet can be harmful for children as they are unable to choose the right channels.

Therefore, I would conclude by saying that the time spent by children on the television and computers requires strict regulations by parents or elders as this time can be put to constructive use for the better growth of the children.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Modern epoch is one of the technology // People of all groups are busy in television or computer // Excessive use retards the mental growth and development of children // loss of memory, reduced social interaction, suffering in academics // Obesity, children become couch potatoes // lack of physical activity leads to reduced mental growth // vulgar content is shown on television // Limited time should be spent in front of the screen.

VOCABULARY:

idiot-box: television // definitely: surely // obesity: fatness

RELATED QUESTION: 

Watching television is a waste of time for children. Do you agree or disagree?

Pie charts interpretation

 Q. The pie charts show the nutrients of two types of foods, Macaroni and medium baked potato. Write a minimum 150-word report for a university lecturer comparing the constituents of two foods.

The two pie charts compare the nutrients of two types of foods, Marconi and medium baked potato The division is on the basis of four basic nutrients; carbohydrates, protein, saturated fat and glucose.

It is seen that medium baked potato consists of mainlv carbohydrates and protein which are 35% and 25% respectively. So, they together form much more than half of this food. The amount of saturated fat and remaining nutrients is very low comnparatively.

On the other hand, Marconi food mainly consists of carbohydrates. These are more than half, that is, 52%. Following it has slightly less than one fourth saturated fat, that is, 21%. In contrast to this, Marconi food has much lower protein and glucose which is 11% each. Other nutrients are almost nil at 5%.

Thus, both types of foods, Marconi as well as medium baked potato are nutritious but the proportions of their nutrients are different.

REFERRAL POINTS: Marconi and medium baked potato// baked potato consists of mainly carbohydrates and protein// Marconi food mainly consists of carbohydrates// Marconi as well as medium baked potato are nutritious.

VOCABULARY: Compare: contrast // comparatively: moderately // nil: negligible.

Diagram interpretation

 Q. The diagrams below show how glass containers such as bottles, are produced and recycled. Write a report of minimum 150 words consisting of the main features.

The illustrations explain the procedure of making glass containers like bottles along with the process of glass recycling.

It is apparent from the first diagram that first of all, sand, soda ash, limestone and other chemicals are mixed. After this, the mixture is melted in a glass furnace at a temperature of approximately 1500°C. Further, in order to provide shape, molten glass is blown and finally, glass containers are manufactured.

Additionally, for the process of recycling glass, five steps are followed. To begin with, used glass is collected followed by classification of glass according to colour. Next, washing is done in order to discard impurities. After crushing and melting, the glass is moulded into new products in the last step. 

Hence, from the overall analysis, it is evident that all the steps are necessary to be followed in both the processes. If any step is omitted, the process will come to a halt.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Diagrams - Manufacturing of glass containers and recycling of glass shown.

Diagram 1 - Different materials are mixed // Melting is done in glass furnace at approximately 1500°C // Molten glass is blown to give shape // Glass containers are made.

Diagram 2 - Used glass is collected // Classified by colour // Washing is done to discard impurities // Crushing and melting is done // Finally,  glass is moulded into new products.

VOCABULARY: 

Procedure: process // clear: apparant, evident // remove: discard // sorted: classified // omitted: missed // halt: stop

Data Interpretation

 Q. The table and pie charts give information about the total value of fish imported to the US between 1989 and 2001 from Canada to China. Write a report of at least 150 words describing the main features and making required and suitable comparisons.

The given table and pie charts demonstrate the total worth of fish imports to the US and its sources for the years 1989, 1992 and 2001.

It is lucid that total value of fish imports was significant in the year 2001 as it was 10.72 billion dollars. It was 2.2 billion dollars lesser in the year 1992. However, the value was least in 1989 (6.57 billion dollars)

The pie charts reveal that 60% imports to US were from Canada in 1989, but this percentage fell to 44% after 4 years and further decreased to 28% in 2001. On the other hand, only one tenth of the the total fish imported was from China in 1989 and this proportion remained same in 1992, while there was a surge of 20% in imports from China in the year 2001. Turning to the other sources, slightly more than one-fourth of the total imports were there in 1989. This percentage increased drastically to 46% in the year 1992 and then dropped by 4% in 2001.

Hence, total value was the highest in 2001 and fish imports were majorly from Canada.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Table and pie chart // total worth and sources of fish traded in to the US // Maximum value- 10.72 billion dollars- 2001 // Maximum import of fish from Canada.

VOCABULARY: Show: depict, demonstrate // maximum: highest // percentage: proportion // lowest: least, minimum // rendered: given

Table interpretation.

 Q. The given table show the sales of Fair Trade for coffee and bananas in 1990 and 2000. Write a report consisting of relevant comparisons and significant features. You write at least 150 words. 

The tables reveal the sales income of Fair Trade for coffee and bananas in two given years, 1990 and 2000. Data has calibrated in millions of euros.

It is vivid from the first table that substantial amount of money was expended by Switzerland to purchase coffee in the year 1990, that is, 15 million Euros, whereas, in the year 2000, UK spent maximum. Denmark’s spending on coffee was 1.8 million Euros in 1990, it surged minutely by 0.2 million Euros after a decade. Expenditure of Beligum and Sweden on coffee went up after 10 years.

Further, it is apparent from the second table that UK spent a huge amount of money for purchasing bananas in 1990 and 2000, amounts being, 15 and 47 million Euros correspondingly. There was a considerable increase in the expenditure of Switzerland on bananas over the span of one decade. Same was true for Denmark as well. The money expended on bananas by Belgium dropped from 18 million Euros in 1990 to 1 million Euros in 2000. Sweden’s expenditure on bananas almost halved from 1990 to 2000.

Overall, the highest amount of bananas was spent by UK in both the years and lowest on coffee was expended by Sweden in 1990 and 2000.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Tables // Sales income of Fair Trade for coffee and bananas // Time period – 1990 and 2000 // Data calibration – millions of euros // 1990 – Maximum expenditure on coffee by Switzerland // 2000 – Maximum expenditure on coffee by UK // Bananas – 1990 & 2000 – Maximum expenditure on coffee by UK.

VOCABULARY:

Show: reveal // calibrated: calculated // clear: vivid, apparent // spent: expended // surged: increased // elevated: increased // respectively: correspondingly // time period: duration, span

Describing Diagram

 Q. The given diagram shows the process of hydro-electric power generation. Write a report of minimum 150 words describing how the process works.

The image provided depicts the information about the production of electricity in various steps. 

It is clear that when the sun’s rays fall on the water in the sea, water evaporates in the form of vapour to form clouds. Once the clouds become heavy, there is rainfall. The rain water is stored in a reservoir behind a dam. On the requirement of energy, a valve is opened so that the stored water flows into a turbine that is attached to cables of high voltage and further to a transformer station.

As per the remaining process, the transformer station converts the energy of turbine, formed on its moving, into electrical energy. Following this, the power, thus produced, is sent to hospitals or schools as per requirement through cables which are fitted below the ground. Also, the extra water, after generation of power, is pumped back into the reservoir for its use, when needed.

Thus, from the overall analysis, it is clear that the production of electricity using water involves several steps which should be followed in order to bring desirable results.

REFERRAL POINTS: 

process of production of hydro electricity // sun rays cause evaporation and formation of clouds // when clouds are heavy, rain falls // rainwater is stored in a reservoir and sent to the turbine connected to high voltage cables // further, there is a transformer station to raise the voltage // unused water is sent back into the reservoir // electricity is supplied to schools, hospitals as per need through underground cables.

VOCABULARY:

shows: depicts // production: manufacturing // attached: connected, linked // requirement: need // involves: includes

Graph interpretation

 Q. The graphs below give information about computer ownership as a percentage of the population between 2001 and 2009, and by level of education for two years. Summarize the information by selecting the main features and make relevant comparisons. Write minimum 150 words. 

The bar graphs depict the information about the percentage of total computer ownership from 2001 to 2009 and ownership of computer as per educational qualifications for 2001 and 2009.

It can be seen from the first bar graph that in the year 2001, ownership of computers was nearly 58%. After that, it experienced a steady growth till the year 2009 and reached to approximately 71% in this year.

Further, the second bar graph depicts computer ownership by education level. The least was in the category of no high school diploma. It was about 12 and 42 percent for 2001 and 2009 respectively. The maximum ownership by education level was for post graduate qualification being nearly 98% in 2009 and almost 77% in 2001. The figures were relatively higher (above 80%) for college (incomplete) and bachelor’s degree in 2009 than 2001.

Thus, from the overall analysis, it is clear that computer ownership followed a continuous increasing trend and was highest at post graduation level.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Computer ownership trend from 2001 to 2009 // Ownership by education level for 2001 and 2009 // Highest computer ownership in 2009 at 80% // Lowest in 2001, below 60% // Ownership by level of education was most of post-graduation in both the years // The least was for no high school diploma in 2001 and 2009.

VOCABULARY: 

Percentage: proportion // show: depict // increasing: rising //;approximately: nearly // category: type // maximum: highest // qualification: educational degree // inclined: increased

proportion of population

 Q. The graph shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1930 and 1980 in three different countries.

The per-centum of the populace aged 65 and above from 1930 to 1950 is depicted in the line graph. The data given is for three countries. 

It is apparent that in 1930, Portugal had the highest percentage of people aged 65 and above. The figure continued to rise till 1950 and reached up to 15. However, the trend reversed between 1950 and 1970 as the percentage of the ageing population dropped by 2 per cent. After 1970, it again increased to nearly 22% in 1980.

Turning to spain, it is clear that population of senior citizens rose dramatically from nearly 15% in 1930 to about 25% in 1980. 

Moving further, London experienced most dramatic changes in the population of older people. The percentage of people aged 65 and over was just 5% in 1930. Interestingly, this figure rose exponentially and reached approximately 27% in the end.

It is, therefore, clear that the percentage of population aged 65 and beyond of all three nations went up by following a fluctuating trend. However, maximum increase was in London. 

REFERRAL POINTS:

Per centum of people of age 65 or higher // Three countries: London, Spain, Portugal // In 1930, least in London – 5% and maximum in Portugal – nearly 9% // In 1980, London highest population (above 25%) and lowest was in Portugal at about 23% // Spain had maximum fluctuations // Maximum rise in London // Least rise in Portugal 

VOCABULARY:

Rendered: given // Rise: increase // Nearly: approximately, almost // Peak: highest point // Maximum: highest // Minimum: lowest, least // Decreased: dropped

Table interpretation

 Q. The table below provides information on rental charges and salaries in three areas of London. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information. Write minimum 150 words.

The given table elucidates information about weekly rents of different rooms in three regions of London and the annual salary needed for such areas. The currency used is pounds.

It is clearly seen that Notting hill surpases the other two areas both in case of rents of rooms as well as the accompanying salaries. The rents per week of single, double and triple rooms were 375, 485 and 738 pounds respectively. Similarly, the needed income were very high amounting to 98500, 127500, 194000 pounds respectively.

Furthermore, Regent’s Park occupied the medium position in terms of rental charges for various rooms and the salaries corresponding to the weekly rents. As far as Fulham was concerned, its charges per week for one, two and three rooms were the least, that is, 2,15,390 and 500 respectively. At the same time, their wage requirement was the lowest, that is, 56,500, 1,02,500 and 1,57,500 as per the number of rooms.

Hence, the incomes required per year were proportionate to the rentals in all the 3 areas.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Number and names of different areas // Rental charges of different numbers of rooms in all areas // Required incomes of all rooms in each area // Maximum weekly rent in Notting Hill for 3 rooms - 738 // maximum salary required for the same- 1.94,000.

VOCABULARY:

Regions: area // accompanying: that goes along with something // annual: per year // corresponding: proportionate // sums: amounts // emoluments: salaries/incomes // proportionate: as per the rato // accommodation: rooms

Pie chart interpretation

 Q. The pie charts show information about spendings on different aspects. Write a report of at least 150 words summarizing the main points and making suitable comparisons. 

The pie charts reveal information about expenditure on different aspects in two given years, that is 2003 and 1970.

It is vivid that maximum spending was on cars in 2003, being 43% whereas the expenditure was considerable on food in 1970 (44%). Expenses incurred on restaurants were equal in both the given years, being 14%. Spending on computers fell by 1% from 1970 to 2003 and the same was true for expenditure done on furniture as well.

Further analyzing the pie charts, it is clear that one tenth of the total money was expended on petrol in the year 1970, however, the percentage decreased by 2 in 2003. Spending on books was 6% in 1970 which reduced to slightly less than its half after 33 years. 

Overall, it is apparent from both the pie charts that in the year 1970, maximum expenditure was on food and minimum on cars whereas in 2003, highest amount was expended on cars and least on books.

REFERRAL POINTS:

pie charts // expenditure on different aspects // time period- 2003 and 1970 // in 1970-maximum spending on food (44%) and minimum on cars (5%) // In 2003, maximum expenditure on cars- 43% and least on books (2%) // equal amount expended on restaurants in both the years- 14%

VOCABULARY:

spending: expenditure // expended: spent // decreased: reduced, fell

Pie chart interpretation

 Q. The three pie charts illustrate world spending, world population and consumption of resources respectively in 2008. Write a report to describe the main features and use at least 150 words. 

The first, second and third pie charts depict the information about world expenditure on various resources, distribution of world people and utilization of resources in different areas in 2008 respectively.

It can be clearly seen that maximum expenses were on sources other than the ones mentioned and these were 40%. These were followed by food and then transport, that is, 24% and 18% respectively. Housing expenditure was half of that on food, that is, 12% and minimum money was spent on clothing. 

As per the second pie chart, Asia had more than half the world population, that is, 52%. The continents of Europe and Americas (North America and South America) had an equal population of 14% each. Similarly, in Africa and other regions of the world, it is minimal, that is, 10% each. The third pie chart shows that the major part of the world resources, that is, 65% was utilized by the country of USA and the continent of Europe, whereas remaining resources were available to the rest of the world.

Thus, the least expenditure was on clothing, world populace was unproportionately high in Asia and most of the resources were consumed by regions that had less than half the populace of the globe.

REFERRAL POINTS: expenditure on various aspects // maximum expenses on other sources // maximum world population in Asia // minimum population in Africa and other world parts // USA and Europe used major proportion of resources in 2008.

VOCABULARY: Expenditure: money spent // utilization: usage // populace: distribution of masses // unproportionately: not as per the ratio // major: main // regions: area

Describing Process

 Q. The diagrams depict the process of electricity production in two stages. Summarize the main features and write a report of at least 150 words. 

The given diagrams illustrate a structure that is used to produce electricity from wave power. 

The process consists of a structure mounted on the side of a cliff having a large chamber. A turbine is also fixed inside the column and is used to generate electricity in two stages. In the first stage, when a wave hits the equipment, water is forced to move to the chamber. Pressure is exerted on the air inside the column. This causes the turbine to move and the air passes into the atmosphere producing electricity.

Further, the next part reveals the second phase in which the waves move back. When the level of water goes down, the air from outside the column is sucked back by the turbines. Consequently, electricity generation continues. In this stage, the turbines only moves in one direction. It is not affected by the air flow.

Thus, it can be analyzed that it is a very helpful process to generate electricity in two stages.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Diagrams show/depict production of electricity // structure mounted on a different/sea wall // contains a large chamber // a turbine is fit into it // electricity is generated in two phases // wave forces water into the chamber // pressure is exerted on the air column // movement of turbines is caused // air passes out and produces electricity // wave moves back and level of water goes down // air from outside is sucked back // electricity keeps getting produced.

Vocabulary: Phases: stages // cliff: small mountain // production: generation // contains: consists // fit: installed // device: apparatus/equipment 

Data interpretation.

 Q. The table below shows the spending of people on various items of 5 countries in 2001. 

Write a report of maximum 150 words describing the significant features and comparing data where possible. 

The table provides information about consumer spending on various items in 2001 in different countries. The data is given in percentage.

The striking feature of the chart is that the expenditure incurred on food/drinks/tobacco by consumers in all countries was higher in comparison with clothes and entertainment. Precisely, consumers in Turkey spent significant proportion on food, drinks etcetera (32.14%) followed by USA (28.91%). As far as Spain, Italy and Sweden were concerned, people in these countries spent 18.80%, 16.36% and 15.77% respectively. 

Further, all countries spent differently on clothing and footwear with Americans spending the highest (26.43%) whereas Spanish and Turks being the lowest spenders in this category.

Turning to leisure/education, highest proportion of expenditure was incurred by Turks, that is, 14.35 followed by Spain (11.98%). For Itlay and Spain, the figures were relatively lower at 3.22% and 3.20% respectively. Surprisingly, Americans spent least in this category.

Thus, from the overall analysis, people of most countries spent majority of amount on food/drinks/tobacco followed by clothing and finally, least consumer spending was on leisure/education.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Table/Tabular chart // showing percentage of money spent // 5 different countries on 3 different things // in 2001 // maximum amount spent by all countries was on food/drinks/tobacco // highest in Turkey, 32.14% // lowest amount expended by all countries on leisure/education // least was 2.21% by USA // clothing and footwear people spent differently // Spain and Turkey spent almost equal percentage (nearly 6%)

VOCABULARY: Percentage: proportion, per centum // spent: expended // money: amount // lowest: least, minimum // highest: maximum.

Graph interpretation.

 Q. The graph below shows the value of exports of 3 different items by one country from 1993 to 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Write atleast 150 words. 

The line graph compares value of exports of selected items like fuel, food and manufactured goods over 6 years by one country. The data is given in million dollars.

It is evident that fuel worth 80000 dollars approximately was expected in 1995. A continuous decline was experienced in the subsequent years. In 1996, value of fuel exported dipped to nearly 70000 million dollars. In next 2 years, the figure dropped further and reached at almost 40000 million dollars in 1998. Later, in 1999 and 2000, it remained almost same at 30000 million dollars with only a marginal difference.

Moving further, the figures for export of food remained almost same throughout. The figures always kept below 10000 million dollars. Moving to manufactured goods, a fluctuating trend was observed. Initially, in 1995, the value of manufactured goods exported was nearly 20000 million dollars which doubled by 1997. After that, a fall was experienced and the figure reached 30000 million dollars in 1998. Thereafter, a gradual growth was seen till the last year of 2000.

Thus, continuous fall was witnessed in value of fuel exported over the years, whereas the value of manufactured goods experienced ups and downs. 

Referral Points:

value of exported goods // 6 different years // export value of fuel continuously dropped // In 1995, it was near 80000 dollars // stagnated in last two years // value of food exported was almost same throughout // slight drop in 1996 // manufactured goods had a fluctuating trend (20000 in 1995 & 33000 in 2000) // fall was seen in 1998 and then it again rose till 2000.

VOCABULARY: Show: illustrate // decline: decrease, drop // negligible: slight, little // grow: rise, increase // witnessed: experienced, observed // fluctuating: zigzag

Graph interpretation class IX

 Q. The graph demonstrate telephone calls put into categories in The United States from 2005 to 2012. Write a report of atleast 150 words reporting significant trends and figures along with suitable comparisons.

The given bar graph provides information about the total time spent on calls via fixed lines and mobile phones from 2005 to 2012 in UK. There are 3 types of calls given. The data is calibrated in thousands of minutes. 

Considering local fixed calls first. It is evident that 2008 and 2009 recorded the highest figures for such types of calls. The minutes of calls were same at about 90 thousands. However, year 2005 and 2012 recorded the lowest minutes of calls by fixed line (70 thousands minutes.)

Moving to national and international calls made through fixed line and all mobile calls, it is clear that the trend was upward in both the categories but the rate of increase in former was much higher in comparison with later. Initially the calls made by mobiles were 50 thousand minutes but by 2012, the figure reached at the highest point (inspected thousands minutes). A steady growth was seen in minutes of national and international fixed line calls starting at nearly 35 thousand minutes in 2005 and increasing to 62 thousand minutes by 2012.

Overall, in terms of talk time, local fixed lines topped the charts but rate of growth in case of mobile calls were maximum. 

REFERRAL POINTS: local fixed calls - in 2008 and 2009 - highest figures - 90 thousand // 2005 and 2012 - the lowest minutes (70 thousands minutes) // National and International calls made through fixed line and mobile calls, trend was upward // Mobile talk time- less than 5 thousand minutes (2005) // Mobile talk time- highest point (45 thousand minutes) - 2012 // Overall in terms of talk time, local fixed lines topped the charts but rate of growth in case of mobile talk time was maximum.

VOCABULARY: Elucidates: shows // approximately: nearly, about, almost // gradually: slowly, steadily // increased: rose // Subsequent: following

Diagram interpretation class IX

 Q. The flow chart shows how electricity is generated by a hydroelectric dam. 

Write a 150 words report for a university lecturer explaining how the process works.

The flow chart shows the process of generating electricity. The diagram reflects the entire structure of a hydroelectricity dam.

As it can be seen from the figure that a large dam is constructed and it is connected to a powerhouse. The dam forms a large reservoir across a river. Following this, water collected in the reservoir is sent out with force through a way made for admission or intake. It then flows into a narrow chamber called a penstock where the resulting high pressure moves a turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator in the powerhouse above where the movement of the turbine produces electricity. This electricity leaves the powerhouse through wires which carry it to far off places where it can be used. After the turbine stage, water goes out through another channel into a river.

Thus, it is good that this process is renewable and is totally dependent on natural forces.

REFERRAL POINTS:

Process of generating electricity // entire structure of a hydroelectricity dam // large dam is constructed and it is connected to a powerhouse // water collected in the reservoir is sent out with force // flows into a narrow chamber // electricity leaves the powerhouse through wires which // water goes through another channel into a river // process is renewable and is totally dependent on natural forces. 

VOCABULARY: Elucidates: shows// Reservoir: tank// Chamber: Compartment// Turbine: a kind of machine

Topic: Incident you forgot important.

 Cue Card-45 

An incident where you forgot something important. 

• When was it? // What did you forget? // What was the result? // How did you feel.

I made the mistake of forgetting something four years ago. // I forgot to deposit my sister’s admission fee. // She was to begin school and her seat was given to someone else. // I was so upset with my carelessness.

To err is human. No one is perfect and I am no exception. 4 years ago my youngest sister was to begin school and my parents trusted me with the depositing her school fee as they had to go out of town due to an unfortunate demise in the family. I was sure that I would remember and be able to do so but sadly on the day which fee was to be deposited, I forgot about it. In the late afternoon I realized the terrible mistake I had made. My parents had advised me to set a reminder on my phone but I didn’t follow their advice because I was overconfident that it is a simple task and I will not forget to do it. I was extremely upset with the carelessness I exhibit at that time. I was filled with guilt that my mistake will cost my sister admission in the best girl’s school of our city. However, after a lot of efforts, we were able to secure her admission in that school. I and my parents spoke to the principal several times but she denied admission saying that she cannot bend the rules. An acquaintance who was known to the principal spoke to her and she obliged us by agreeing to admit my sister in the school. My parents did not scold me but asked me to learn a lesson from the incident. I learnt it that day and remember it till date. I make sure to write or set reminders for every important task.

Follow ups:

1. What do people do to remember things? (People generally write the things that they need to remember or set up alarms and reminders on their phone.)

2. Why do old people forget things easily? (Old people forget things easily because generally memory goes down with age.)

3. What kinds of things can people do to prevent a bad memory? (People get almonds to keep their memory sharp. They also avoid excessive use of mobile phones and other modern gadgets to prevent bad memory.)

4. Do you think memory is important while learning language? (Like for all other things, memory is important to learn a language because retention is important to learn a language.)

Related Question: An appointment you forgot.

Skill you would like to learn.

 Cue Card-44

A skill you would like to learn

• What it is? // Where can you learn it? // Explain why you want to learn it.

I would like to learn the skill of cooking. // I will join a cooking course, see videos on You Tube and also take some tips from my mother. // I am planning to go abroad and I will be alone there, so learning to cook will be helpful in my day to day life.

Life is a process of constant learning. We are always learning small and big things. I am very fond of learning and I always want to know new things. Recently, I have decided that I will join a cooking course and improve my skills as I am nowhere near being a good cook. I feel, this is important for everyone to learn as it makes a person independent. I have decided to join a four week cooking course with my friends and watch cookery videos on you tube and most importantly, learn from my mother who is an amazing cook. I am a foodie, I love trying different kinds of food. I want to learn cook because I am planning to go abroad for higher studies where I will be alone. So, I should be able to cook for myself. I will try to improve my cooking skills and become as proficient as I can be. 

Follow ups:

1. Do you think boys and girls should learn the same skills? (Boys and girls learn different skills because boys are more interested in sports whereas girls like learning cooking, make-up. However, sometimes both genders learn common skills.)

2. Why do boys tend to have better critical thinking skills? (Boys tend to have better critical thinking skills as they are more practical where as girls are more emotional.)

3. Why do girls like shopping? (Girls like shopping because it elevates their mood and they are keen to keep up with latest clothing trends.)

4. Do you like to learn new skills constantly? (I like learning new skills but not constantly. I feel like, we should learn one thing at a time, practice it and attain some level of expertise before getting into something else.)

5. Should schools teach both arts and science? (Schools should teach both art and science as some students have a logical brain whereas others are more inclined towards creativity and art.)

Related Questions: Describe a course you want to join OR Describe something you wish to learn.